Stumbling beyond Best Interests of the Child: Reexamining Child Custody Standard-Setting in the Wake of Minnesota\u27s Four Year Experiment with the Primary Caretaker Preference

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Structurele en functionele eigenschappen van monodisperse amylose-inclusie complexen en hun toepassingen

Amylose, het voornamelijk lineaire zetmeelpolymeer, kan inclusiecomplexe n vormen met bepaalde lipiden. Amylose-lipidecomplexen worden bekomen bi j opwarmen van een waterrijk zetmeelsysteem in aanwezigheid van endogene of toegevoegde lipiden. Hun voorkomen en structuur werd reeds bestudeer d. Over de functionaliteit van de complexen zelf is echter niet veel gek end. In dit werk werden amylose-lipidecomplexen gesynthetiseerd met een aan onze Eenheid ontwikkelde semi-enzymatische methode (Gelders et al., 2005b). Dit resulteert in redelijk monodisperse korte-keten complexen, d ie kunnen beschouwd worden als ideale modelsystemen voor het bestuderen van de structuur, enerzijds, en mogelijke toepassingen in zetmeelhoudend e voedingssystemen, anderzijds. Deze studie richtte zich vooreerst op de impact van verschillende reacti eparameters (de enzymdosering en molaire verhouding van substraat tot p rimer , en lipidetype, -ketenlengte en -onverzadigingsgraad) op zowel he t verloop van de synthesereactie als de eigenschappen van de bekomen com plexen. Hiermee werden de verschillende stappen in de semi-enzymatische synthese doorgrond en de achterliggende oorzaken voor de vastgestelde ei genschappen van de gesynthetiseerde korte-keten amylose-lipidecomplexen ontrafeld. Eén welbepaalde combinatie van parameters werd gekozen voor de grootscha lige productie van amylose-glycerol monostearaatcomplexen. De hiermee ge vormde type I complexen, en hun thermische en structurele eigenschappen tijdens en na omvorming tot beter geordende type IIa en IIb complexen, w erden uitvoerig bestudeerd. Elk complex type is opgebouwd uit geaggregee rde amylosehelices. Type I amylose-lipidecomplexen bleken opgebouwd te z ijn uit U-vormige amyloseketens met een laagdikte overeenstemmend met tw ee lipidemoleculen per amyloseketen. Door het ontvouwen van de ketens en een verdubbeling van de laagdikte, werden type I complexen omgevormd to t meer kristallijne type IIa complexen. Dit complextype bevat vier lipid en per helix. In type IIb werden hier nog twee lipiden aan toegevoegd en nam de kristaldikte verder toe. De dikte van de kristallagen en de hoev eelheid water er tussenin bepaalde de stabiliteit van de complexen. In h et algemeen kan gesteld worden dat smelten en herkristalliseren structur ele overgangen in amylose-lipidecomplexen teweeg brengen. De efficiëntie van omzetten hangt af van de temperatuur, de duur van de hittebehandeli ng en het vochtgehalte tussen de lagen. Zowel type I als type IIa complexen werden vervolgens gebruikt als addit ief in zetmeel-gebaseerde model- en voedingssystemen. Hun functionalitei t werd bestudeerd en vergeleken met die van zuiver lipide en polydispers e lange-keten amylose-lipidecomplexen. Die werden gesynthetiseerd door l angere amyloseketens te laten complexeren met glycerol-monostearaat (Gal loway et al., 1989) en worden meestal beschreven in de literatuur. Toediening van zuiver lipide of type I complexen aan opgewarmde en afgek oelde water-zetmeeldispersies leidde tot de sterkste reologische verschi llen. De gecontroleerde vrijstelling van korte amyloseketens uit type I complexen induceerde hoogstwaarschijnlijk de vorming van dubbele helices en, als dusdanig, van een netwerk. Dit werd waargenomen als hogere visc ositeiten. De nanostructurele aspecten van het pasten en geleren van d eze stalen werden verder onderzocht door reometrie met in situ kleine hoek X-stralen-verstrooiing (SAXS) te combineren. De SAXS-patronen werd en geanalyseerd als verdunde dispersies van lange scatterers , geïnterp reteerd als aggregaten van amylose dubbele helices. De grootte en het to taal volume van de scatterers steeg evenredig met de opslagmodulus. Dit effect was additief-onafhankelijk. De gelering werd bovendien versneld i n aanwezigheid van type I amylose-lipide-complexen. De korte amylosefrag menten die vrijgesteld werden tijdens het opwarmen van een complexhouden de zetmeeldispersie verhoogden het volume en de concentratie van korte(r e) verknopingsentiteiten (in vergelijking met de referentie gel). Dit st imuleerde de vorming van een sterker netwerk tijdens koelen. Type II amy lose-lipidecomplexen beïnvloedden de reologie niet zo sterk. Deze comple xen waren inert in het zetmeelsysteem, aangezien hun smelttemperatuur (v er) boven de experimentele temperaturen uitstak. Naast hun (mogelijke) i mpact op de reologie, beïnvloedden de toegediende complexen ook de gevoe ligheid van zetmeel ten opzichte van in vitro enzymatische vertering. Toevoegen van zuiver lipide verlaagde de concentratie enzymweerstandig zetmeel in de gelsystemen door interactie van het lipide met uitgeloogde amyloseketens. De aanwezigheid van type I of type II amylose-lipidecomp lexen, daarentegen, verhoogde de hoeveelheid enzymweerstandig zetmeel. Tenslotte werd de impact van deze additieven op de broodbereiding onderz ocht. Toediening van (type I of type II) amylose-lipidecomplexen aan de broodreceptuur resulteerde in een kleiner broodvolume. De invloed van ty pe I complexen op de concentratie enzymweerstandig zetmeel in brood blee k afhankelijk van de synthesemethode en de eigenschappen van de complexe n. Type II complexen, daarentegen, gaven altijd, ongeacht de wijze waaro p ze gesynthetiseerd werden, aanleiding tot een lagere enzymatische zetm eelvertering. Preliminaire testen toonden bovendien een mogelijk effect van amylose-lipidecomplexen op de amylopectineretrogradatie tijdens bewa ring van brood aan. Type I complexen leken de retrogradatie te verlagen, terwijl type II complexen tot meer intense retrogradatie aanleiding zou den geven. Deze resultaten toonden aan dat type I amylose-lipidecomplexe n wellicht kunnen gebruikt worden om netwerk-sterkte in zetmeelgels te v erhogen, terwijl type II complexen vooral de enzymdegradeerbaarheid van het zetmeel in waterige gelsystemen en in minder vochtige voedingssystem en verlagen.nrpages: 185status: publishe

River Re-naturalization in Upstream Flemish Basins: Integrating Urban Design and Hydraulic Modelling (Hernaturalisatie van rivieren in stroomopwaartse Vlaamse bekkens: Integratie van stedenbouwkundig ontwerp en waterbouwkundige modellering)

The rise in flooding issues seen in Flanders in recent years is attributed to the incremental paving over of the soil and the changes in precipitation schemes wrought by climate change(1). Climate change projections for Europe and Flanders indicate that the discharge into rivers will be significantly higher by 2020(2). For Flanders in particular, which is very densely urbanized, this means that the risk of flooding is going to be much greater if conventional water management practices are continued(3). At the end of the 20th century, urban, water and ecological issues were merged with river management into the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), which aimed to be a sustainable solution to water quantity and quality issues (water production, consumption, drainage and treatment, flood, drought). IWRM is, however, increasingly criticized for its generic formulas and undefined modes of application. Still too few sustainable water management systems have been applied in a co-productive manner in which added values in urban and ecological environments are enhanced. The present climate scenarios and future urbanization challenges are therefore increasingly demanding when it comes to refinement and contextualization, exemplifying how integrated water management could be effectively achieved. In this context, the FWO research project Water Research in Urbanized Flemish Landscapes, Integrating Civil Engineering and Urban Design in Regional Development Projects was set up, of which this PhD forms part. The project brings together three topics: firstly, the need for new solutions in Flanders with respect to quantitative (scarcity and flooding) and qualitative (pollution, the ecological role of water) water issues in the perspective of climate change; secondly, the need for new urban design tools that are able to cope with dispersed urbanization and the fragmentation of open spaces that characterizes large parts of the Flemish territory; and finally, the emphasis on co-production in contemporary urban design and with it the emergence discourses in urbanism, such as landscape urbanism, that propagate the structuring capacity of the landscape. The research assumed that the solution and challenge lie in successful integration with urban design and the incorporation of greener and softer (or non-technical) approaches following the goals of the recent Integrated Water Policy (4) and ecosystem services research in Flanders.Building on the lessons of McHarg(5), Spirn(6), Corner(7) and many authors in the landscape urbanism discourse, the research postulates that the process of design with nature can form the basis of an adapted urban form in which water management plays a structuring role. Consequently, urban design calls for skills that are beyond the reach of architects and urban designers. The hypothesis of my research therefore suggests that the co-production of urban design and hydraulic modelling can together address the current challenges in order to create design strategies that are better adapted to more sustainable water management and urbanism in Flanders. The research assumed that urban design, with an analysis-based, interdisciplinary, cross-scale and projective approach, is a tool for achieving integrated solutions to the issues. The research question concerns how to concretely assume the fundamental role of urban design in water management while simultaneously addressing the spatial development issues raised by growing urbanization. Accordingly, through two case studies in upstream catchment areas of the Scheldt Basin, the research aims to elaborate on and test a form of interdisciplinary methodology in modelling and urban design.In the first chapter of this research, the specificities of the water and urbanization problems in Flanders were mapped, state of the art of existing approaches and instruments were realized, and the most relevant and opportune niches of research within this broad field were defined. These niches were explored through a research-by-design methodology and applied to concrete project cases. In the second and third chapter, the two case studies, formulated urban design strategies for dispersed open territories in middle-sized upstream catchments. The research indicated how modelling, on the one hand, can inform urban design across different scales and, on the other, can quantify urban design (using the appropriate model and model method). The succession of repeated steps in an iterative process led to premeditated compromises for integrated design proposals. In particular, the PhD research tested the potential of integrating river re-naturalization and urban design (extending the winter bed, restoring the floodplain, lowering the dikes) as an upstream strategy to mitigate the effects of climate change on downstream flooding. The methodology was elaborated on through the medium of the atlas, in which three phases of the iterative process were represented: interpretative mapping, projective cartography and modelling. The making of maps or mapping has proved to be a useful tool in revealing the relationship between water systems and spatial patterns. Moreover, it has proved to be essential in the act of translating a technical modelling process into the conceptualization of urban design strategies.In conclusion, the modelling of upstream-downstream dynamics demonstrated the importance of urban design on the catchment or the intermediate scales. Moreover, the resulting strategies from the two case studies have indicated that the dispersed upstream landscapes of Flanders have many assets when it comes to responding to water challenges. The comparison of the two cases confirmed the need to integrate hydraulic modelling into the urban design process due to the growing complexity of the water system. In addition, it was concluded that a well-considered balance between engineering practices and re-naturalized rivers in close relation to an adapted urban structure might be assessed for similar basins in Flanders so as to proceed to more sustainable water management. Keywords: Urban design, water management, modelling, climate change, re-naturalization 1 Staes, J., Willems, P., Vrebos, D., Bal, K. Schoelinck, J., (2009) Impact of climate change on river hydrology and ecology: a case study for interdisciplinary policy oriented research, Final Report. Brussels: Belgian Science Policy 2009 (Research Programme: Science for a Sustainable Development), pp. 9-192 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I, (2007), Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, 4th assessment report (AR4), Geneva3 Poelmans, L., Van Rompaey, A., Ntegeka, V., Willems, P., (2011) The relative impact of climate change and urban expansion on peak flows: a case study in central Belgium, Hydrological Processes, 25, Issue 18, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 2846 2858.4 CIW Commission for Integral Water Policy, (2011) Decree concerning the Integral Water Policy, 18 juli 2003, (versie maart 2011).5 McHarg, I.L., (1969), Design with Nature, Natural History Press, Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.6 Spirn, A.W., (1984), The Granite Garden Urban Nature and Human Design, Perseus Publishing, United States of America.7 Corner J., (1999), Recovering Landscape as a Critical Cultural Practice, in Corner J. (ed.) Recovering Landscape, Essays in Contemporary Landscape architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999, pp. 1-26.INTRODUCTION 1. Water in the Flemish dispersed territory A. Flooding in Flanders Flood disasters and causes Climate change impact Future urban development B. Changing river-urban relationships: patterns and paradigms Four paradigms 2. Design research through coproduction via work with Hydraulic modelling A. Hypothesis A need to cross boundaries, disciplines and scales Re-naturalized urban design and hydraulic modelling Step towards a different design approach within the current spatial planning field B. Methodology Research-by-design Format of the Atlas 3. State of the art A. Shift in water management Integrated Water Resource Management Integrated water management in Flanders B. Basic modelling principles for urban design Model types Time series and return periods Model build-up and method C. Re-naturalization and urban design in the literature 4. Logics of river re-naturalization A. River re-naturalization in landscape and urban design projects B. Four design strategies Re-naturalization as flood accommodation Re-naturalization as ecological restoration Re-naturalization as urban regeneration Re-naturalization as regional open space networks C. Frame for two case studies in Flanders case 1: Atlas Gaverbeek Basin 1. Mapping the gaverbeek basin A. Locating the Gaverbeek Basin B. Forming the territory 1. Water and landscape patterns 2. Water and settlement patterns Trenches and farms Creeks and clusters Water infrastructure and new economies Sewers and allotment districts C. Challenging the territory D. Opportunities for river re-naturalization 2. Re-imagining Zwevegem A. River re-naturalization in the Gaverbeek Basin B. Urban design strategies: 1. Three retention valleys 2. Hybrid dike 3. Urban cascades 3. modelling the project A. Objectives design strategies B. Objectives model C. Model build-up - method - parameters D. Results and adjustments E. Conclusions CASE 2: ATLAS GROTE NETE BASIN 1. Mapping the grote nete basin A. Locating the Grote Nete Basin B. Forming the territory 1. Water and landscape patterns 2. Water and settlement patterns Rough grounds Irrigation and afforestation Canals and factories Sewers and drains C. Challenging the territory D. Opportunities for river re-naturalization 2. Re-imagining meerhout A. River re-naturalization in the Grote Nete Basin B. Urban design strategies: 1.Grote Nete wetland parks 2.Water chains 3.Forest for habitation and infiltration 3. Modelling the project A. Objectives design strategies B. Objectives A C. Model build-up - method - parameters A D. Results and adjustments A E. Objectives B F. Model build-up - method - parameters B G. Results and adjustments B CONCLUSIONS 1. iterative process A. 2 x 3 phases B. Case Gaverbeek results C. Case Grote Nete results 2. Modelling process A. Integrated operations of hydraulic modelling and urban design B. Probability and aspects of time 3. Urban design and river re-naturalization in the dispersed territory, Flanders A. Operative hybrids B. Thinking in systems C. Memory of waterscapes D. Interfluvial areas in Flanders as strategic locations to mitigate climate change impact 4. Recommendations Bibliography List of abbreviations biographynrpages: 242status: publishe

Constituent structure and function of durational adverbials in present-day english

Thèse de doctorat -- Université catholique de Louvain, 197

Mandaatcontracten in internationaal perspectief - tips voor de Vlaamse en federale overheid

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Contractmanagement en leidende ambtenaren

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Contracten met leidende ambtenaren: internationaal vergelijkend onderzoek naar de contractualisering van de sturings- en arbeidsrelatie

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