Characteristics and performance analysis of different grain sizes bamboo-activated carbons for motorcycle flue gas adsorption

The use of fossil fuels in human activities such as motorcycles has led to an increase in the concentration emitted in the atmosphere. Various efforts and methods such as adsorption using activated carbon have been developed and applied to reduce the emission. Therefore, this study focuses on the characteristics and performance of bamboo-activated carbons in the adsorption of motorcycle flue gases. This was carried out using different grain sizes (z) of activated carbons AC-M1, AC-M2, and AC-M3 for grain sizes of z≤250, 250<z≤420, and 420<z≤590 microns, respectively, which were derived from swat bamboo and carbonized at a temperature of 750 ○C. Furthermore, physical activation was applied by heating the charcoal at the same temperature under a nitrogen flow rate of 150 mL/min nitrogen. The Thermogravimetric (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and adsorption isotherm tests were employed for the characterization of activated carbons. Additionally, the performances of activated carbons for motorcycle flue gas adsorption (CO2, CO, and HC) were carried out by a motorcycle emission test. According to the results, activated carbon AC-M1 produced the best characteristics and performance for adsorption of motorcycle flue gas, as it has a pore volume of 0.135 cm3/g, a specific surface area of 244.69 m2/g, and a nitrogen adsorption capacity of 87.047 cm3/g. These characteristics prove to have good adsorption efficiencies at 100 %, 87.30 %, and 100 % for adsorption of CO2, CO, and HC, respectively

Efek Antimitogenik Fraksi Alkaloid Achyranthes aspera Linn. terhadap Induksi Apoptosis pada Mencit yang Terinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi efek antimitogenik dari ekstrak fraksi alkaloid daun Achyranthes aspera Linn. terhadap induksi apoptosis, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel paru-paru yang diinfeksi oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Efek antimitogenic dari alkaloid A. aspera diujikan pada 120 ekor mencit yang diinfeksikan dengan 100 sel/mL M. tuberculosis dan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok sehingga masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 20 ekor. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari: kontrol negatif dengan tikus sehat yang diberikan adjuvant saja, kontrol positif dengan diberikan rifampisin 600 mg/kgbb/hari, dan kelompok perlakuan P0 , P1 , P2 , dan P3 yang diinfeksi M. tuberculosis dan diberikan alkaloid dengan dosis bertingkat 0, 60, 12, dan 180 mg/kgbb/po/hari selama 30 hari. Parameter pengamatan terdiri dari: jumlah total leukosit, jumlah total jenis leukosit, jumlah karbuncel di paru-paru, dan jumlah sel paru-paru yang mengalami apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada tikus yang terinfeksi M. tuberculosis mengalami penurunan jumlah total dan jenis leukosit (eosinofil, neutrofil, lmfosit dan monosit), dan jumlah karbunkel di paru-paru pada kelompok perlakuan akaloid mulai dosis 60 mg/kgbb. Jumlah sel di paru-paru yang mengalami apoptosis juga mengalami penurunan pada kelompok pemberian akaloid daun A. aspera mulai dosis 60 mg/kgBB sama dengan kelompok rifampisin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian bahwa alkaloid daun A. aspera menyebabkan penurunan jumlah total dan jenis leukosit, serta jumlah karbuncel dan sel paru yang mengalami apoptosis pada tikus yang terinfeksi oleh M. tuberculosis.Kata kunci: Achyranthes aspera Linn., antimitogenik, paru-paru tuberkulosis, apoptotis, leukosit (The Antimitogenic Effect of Alkaloid Fraction of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on Apoptotic Induction in Mice Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis)The aims of this research was to determine the antimitogenic effect of alkaloid Achyranthes aspera Linn. on apoptotic induction, growth and cell development in lung cell infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimitogenic effect of alkaloid A. aspera was tested in 120 mice that infected with 100 cell/mL M. tuberculosis and divided into 6 groups so that each group consist of 20 mice. The treatment groups were: negative control that healthy mice was given adjuvans only, positive control that was given rifampisin 600 mg/kg bb/day, and treatment group of P0 , P1 , P2 and P3 infected by M. tuberculosis and given alkaloid with dose 0, 60, 12 and 180 mg/kgbw/po/day continously during 30 days. The parameter of observation were total leucocyte count, total differential leucocyte count, total carbuncel in lung, and percentage of apoptotic lung cells. The result showed that mice infected by M. tuberculosis have decreased in total leucocyte and diferentiated leucocyte total (eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte), and total carbuncel in lungs after treated by akaloid A. aspera with dose begin 60 mg/kgbw. Apoptotic cell in lung was also decreased in the group tretaed by akaloid A. aspera with dose begin 60 mg/kgbw that the value was equal to the group of rifampisin. In conclusion, treatment of alkaloid from A. aspera caused depreciation in leucocyte total and leucocyte differentiation, and total of carbuncel and apoptotic cell in the lung in mouse that infected by M. tuberkulosis.Keywords: Achyranthes aspera Linn., antimitogenic, tuberculosis lung, apoptotic, leucocyte

PERBANDINGAN EKSPRESI PROTEIN p53 SEL TROPHOBLAS PLASENTA ANTARA PREEKLAMPSIA BERAT DENGAN KEHAMILAN NORMOTENSI

Background: The placenta is a central focus and important in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia occurrence. Failure of trophoblast cells do remodeling spiral arteries due to excessive apoptosis causes uteroplacental ischemia and damage the endothelial cells that give rise to the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. Excessive apoptosis in preeclampsia occurs through the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis mediated intracellular where directly from mitochondria in response to stress such as mitochondrial damage and can be activated by p53, a protein that activates the tumor suppressive action of Bcl-2 proapoptotic. Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are not independent, because p53 can also enhance the expression of several death receptors. Objective: To compare the expression of p53 protein on pregnancy trophoblast between severe preeclampsia complicated pregnancy and normotension pregnancy. Methods of study: This study is a cross-sectional design of the study population of patients with severe preeclampsia 2011 to March 2012. Placental samples obtained from 43 pregnancies with severe preeclampsia and 38 normotensive placentas from pregnancies. Observation of P53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry technique. Statistical analysis using independent t<0.05)..32 ± 0.18). Results: There were significant differences (p = 0.00) p53 protein expression in the gestational trophoblastic tissue severe preeclampsia (1.99 ± 0.66) compared to the normotensive pregnancies (1 Conclusion: Expression of p53 protein in severe preeclampsia is higher than normotensive pregnancies

Potensi bambu swat (gigantochloa verticillata) sebagai material karbon aktif untuk adsorbed natural gas (ANG)

Abstrak: Bambu merupakan material biomassa yang banyak diteliti, diproduksi sebagai karbon aktif dan diaplikasikan di berbagaibidang kehidupan. Namun sangat sedikit bahkan hampir tidak ditemukan referensi yang membahas kegunaan karbonaktif dari bambusebagai adsorbent untuk Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG). Penelitian ini difokuskan untukmengkarakterisasai dan menevaluasi potensi bambu swat (Gigantochloa verticillata) sebagai material dasar karbon aktifuntuk aplikasi ANG. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi uji proximate, uji ultimate, uji komposisi kimia dan pengamatanstruktur mikro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bambuswat memiliki kandungan lignin 22,9920%, selulosa44,2247%, volatile 88’32%, carbon 43,42%,ash 1,83%, silica (1,8664%) dan nitrogen 1,7065%. Bambu swat memilikiikatan pembuluh yang terdiri atas satu ikatan pembuluh (xilem dan floem) dan dua ikatan serat yang terletak di sebelahdalam dan luar dari ikatan pembuluh.Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa bamboo jenis ini memiliki kandungansellulosa, volatile dan karbon yang cukup tinggi serta ash, silica, hydrogen dan nitrogen yang rendah sehinggabambuswat sangat berpotensi digunakan sebagai material sumber karbon aktif.Kata kunci: Karbon aktif, bambu swat, ANG, lignin, sellulosa, analisa ultimate dan proximates Abstract: Bamboo is a biomass material widely researched, produced as activated carbon and applied in various life fields.However, very little or almost no references were found with regard to utilization of bamboo activated carbon asadsorbent for Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG). This study is concerned to characterize and evaluate potency of bambooswat (Gigantochloa verticillata) as aprecursor of activated carbon for ANG application. Examinations conducted wereproximate, ultimate, chemical composisition tests and microstructure observation. The results showed that bambooswathave a lignin content 22.9920%, cellulose 44.2247%, volatile 88.32%, carbon 43.42%, ash 1.83%, silica 1.8664% andnitrogen 1.7065%. The type of bamboo swat vascular bundles consist of a single bond vessels (xylem and phloem) andtwo ligament fibers are located on the inside and outside of the vascular bundles.Generally, it can be said this type ofbamboo has high contents of cellulose, volatile and carbon and low contens of ash, silica and nitrogen so that it hasgreat potential as a source of activated carbon..Keywords: Activated carbon, bamboo swat, ANG, lignin, cellulosa, ultimate and proximate analysi

Pemurnian Biogas Dari Gas Pengotor Hidrogen Sulfida (H2S) Dengan Memanfaatkan Limbah Geram Besi Proses Pembubutan

This research is intended to utilize waste steel chips from the process of turning (process in which lathe machine is used) for purification of biogas from the gas of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) contaminant to support the promotion of zero waste industrial and manufacturing process in the world. The waste of Iron chips is collected and selected. Only long and spiral like of iron chips that are useful for this purpose. Since the chips having residual stress due to strain hardening during turning process, then the annealing process should be done before compacting to form a billet.The thickness of the billet was 1 cm and 6 cm in diameter with weight 500 gram. The annealing proces was carried out by burning the iron chip until reach the red color of fire. During the annealing process the iron inside the steel will react with oxygen to form iron oxide (Fe2O3) and if during oxidation there is a water vapor in the air then the iron bog ore Fe(OH)3 will be formed. Both of Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)3 are very reactive to H2S and therefore able to eliminate the H2S contaminant inside the Biogas. The billet is used as a filter and to be installed in the line of biogas distribution. The result indicate that the the iron chips is potential to be utilized to reduce the H2S contaminant in the bioga