The Effect of Copper and Tungsten Addition of the Passivity and Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Super Duplex Stainless Steels

The Critical Pitting Temperatures of Ferralium 255 (UNS S32550), Zeron 100 (UNS S32760), and SAF2507 (UNS S32750). were investigated to look at the effect of pH on the measured critical pitting temperature (CPT)and to understand the type of mechanism driving the formation and growth of the pits.Due to the elevated copper concentration in Ferralium alloy compared to the other alloys and, the elevated tungsten concentration in the SAF2507 (SAF)alloy compared to the alloys. The effect of copper and tungsten addition on the measured CPT could also be investigated.An investigation into the effect of the pH of the test solution on the three alloys was conducted. All three alloys underwent a CPT test sweep at 4pH, 7pH and 10pH.A clear difference was measured in the CPT of the individual alloys, they all had a measurable and notable difference in measured breakdown temperature.his consisted of the copper rich alloy (Ferralium) having an average CPT of 76oC across the three tested pH solutions. The low copper alloy (Zeron) having the next highest measured CPT of 85oC. With the tungsten rich alloy (SAF)having the highest measured CPT of 89oC.SEM imaging of the pits that formed found that the pits that had formed in all of the CPT sweeps for all of the alloys had formed a pit structure known as lacy capped pits. This cap on the pit is likely to enable concentrations of the solution on the internal of the pit to be high enough to encourage corrosion of the highly corrosion resistance super duplex stainless steels. There is no visible difference in the structure of the lacy capped pit formed in the individual alloys.Time-lapse imagery (TLI) of the samples undergoing CPT sweeps was conducted to confirm that the pits were forming after the alloy transitioned through its critical temperature. The measured CPT of the individual alloys were consistent with those measured in the previous 3 investigations. The TLI was able to capture the formations of the pits as the material transitioned through its critical temperature. It is possible that re-passivation of the pits were captured in the TLI. The re-passivation is likely to be caused by the lacy caps of the pits being removed or degrading. The loss of the cap results in the internal environment of the pit to no-longer be conducive to continuation of the corrosion reaction

Social representations and social psychology: A theoretical critique with reference to the psychology of groups 1960s-1980s.

For the past fifty years social psychologists have attempted to understand inherently social phenomena within an individualistic and static conceptual framework afforded by the Cartesian paradigm. In contrast, contemporary traditions of social psychology, especially in Europe, reflect the cultural and evolutionary principles of the Hegelian paradigm. According to this approach, social phenomena are constructed through the coordinated activities of inherently social individuals in relationship both with each other and with their cultural and physical environments. I use this perspective to develop Moscovici's theory of social representations and our understanding of the dynamics and transformation of social knowledge. Drawing on recent developments in both the philosophy of science and the sociology of knowledge I reject Moscovici's distinction between the reified universe of science, which, he claims, is devoid of social representations, and the consensual universe of common-sense, which is impregnated with them. A programme of historical research is reported in which I trace the evolution and diffusion of Tajfel's theory of intergroup relations and the emergence of a social dimension in the social psychology of groups. This study demonstrates the dynamics by which scientific knowledge is transformed. These dynamics involve the social processes of interaction and communication and are characterized both by a delicate balance between tradition and innovation, and by an interdependence among individual scientists, the community of scientists to which they belong and the wider society in which the community is embedded. The thesis as a whole has important implications for understanding the processes of science and for the conduct of research in the social sciences

Social representations of HIV/AIDS in five Central European and Eastern European countries: A multidimensional analysis

Cognitive processing models of risky sexual behaviour have proliferated in the two decades since the first reporting of HIV/AIDS, but far less attention has been paid to individual and group representations of the epidemic and the relationship between these representations and reported sexual behaviours. In this study, 494 business people and medics from Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Poland and Russia sorted free associations around HIV/AIDS in a matrix completion task. Exploratory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses revealed two main dimensions (labelled ‘Sex’ and ‘Deadly disease’), with significant cultural and gender variations along both dimension scores. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in the light of growing concerns over the spread of the epidemic in this region

Social representations and the politics of participation

Recent work has called for the integration of different perspectives into the field of political psychology (Haste, 2012). This chapter suggests that one possible direction that such efforts can take is studying the role that social representations theory (SRT) can play in understanding political participation and social change. Social representations are systems of common-sense knowledge and social practice; they provide the lens through which to view and create social and political realities, mediate people's relations with these sociopolitical worlds and defend cultural and political identities. Social representations are therefore key for conceptualising participation as the activity that locates individuals and social groups in their sociopolitical world. Political participation is generally seen as conditional to membership of sociopolitical groups and therefore is often linked to citizenship. To be a citizen of a society or a member of any social group one has to participate as such. Often political participation is defined as the ability to communicate one's views to the political elite or to the political establishment (Uhlaner, 2001), or simply explicit involvement in politics and electoral processes (Milbrath, 1965). However, following scholars on ideology (Eagleton, 1991; Thompson, 1990) and social knowledge (Jovchelovitch, 2007), we extend our understanding of political participation to all social relations and also develop a more agentic model where individuals and groups construct, develop and resist their own views, ideas and beliefs. We thus adopt a broader approach to participation in comparison to other political-psychological approaches, such as personality approaches (e.g. Mondak and Halperin, 2008) and cognitive approaches or, more recently, neuropsychological approaches (Hatemi and McDermott, 2012). We move away from a focus on the individual's political behaviour and its antecedents and outline an approach that focuses on the interaction between psychological and political phenomena (Deutsch and Kinnvall, 2002) through examining the politics of social knowledge

Regional newspaper coverage of shale gas development across Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania:Similarities, differences, and a lessons

In communities experiencing shale gas development, the local media are an important information source on potential impacts of development; their coverage generates and spreads social representations of this issue. We examine representations of natural gas development through a content analysis of six regional newspapers in the northern United States (n = 1,958 articles) – two each in Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Previous research showed similarities between the New York and Pennsylvania newspapers; differences emerged in nearby Ohio’s coverage. In Ohio, similar percentages of articles mentioned economic impacts as in Pennsylvania and New York, but significantly fewer articles mentioned environmental or social impacts. Furthermore, valence of economic and social impacts was notably more positive in Ohio. This analysis highlights nuances inherent in regional discourse about shale gas development. In turn, these differences have implications for: (1) how politicians, journalists, activists, and researchers can better communicate about shale gas development, (2) policy/regulation of development, and (3) future research on social representations of emergent forms of energy extraction. We suggest the need, in social science research on energy development, to examine societal-level (not merely individual) influences on perceptions and to account for nuances inherent in regional variation – infrequently manifest in national sample studies

The boomerang effect of radicalism in Discursive Psychology: A critical overview of the controversy with the Social Representations Theory.

This article provides a critical overview of the controversy between the Radical approach to Discursive Psychology (RDP) and the Social Representations Theory (SRT) and aims: a)?to show what is potentially complementary and contradictory in Discursive Psychology (DP) and the Social Representations Theory, when and why they are incompatible, and whether and how it is possible and/or desirable to integrate these two approaches. b)?to describe how the radicalism of the socio-constructionist thesis upheld by Discourse Analysis can give rise to several hard-to-solve problems, which may then be translated into a boomerang effect. In the final section, it highlights interest in dialog and “cross-fertilization” between researchers inspired by the less radical approach to discursive psychology and those inspired by the Social Representations Theory, pointing out the effect of methodological implications that would ensue