Ahorro energético mediante estrategias de iluminación natural optimizadas

Electrical charges in buildings and specially in those of commercial use, can be diminished by means of natural lighting strategies. Taking the climate features of our country into consideration, it is necessary to prevent the inconveniences caused by an en erg y excess in summer, so solar Controls are needed. The only practical way to achieve the suitable balance between thermal and light needs, so as to get a monthly or annual energetic balance optimization, is to operate with the computer. A programme with such characteristics is described here. Its application gives important sarings in non renouvable energy savings.Mediante estrategias de iluminación natural es posible disminuir las cargas eléctricas de los edificios y en especial los de uso comercial. Dadas las características climáticas de nuestro país es necesario prever los inconvenientes de un exceso de energía en verano, para lo cual es preciso disponer de controles solares. Encontrar el correcto equilibrio entre las necesidades térmicas y lumínicas en base a la optimización del balance energético mensual o anual es únicamente factible mediante el uso del ordenador. Un programa que responde a estas características es descrito en el presente trabajo, obteniéndose con su aplicación importantes ahorros en el consumo de energías no renovables

Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management

This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is Land 2021, 10, 144 3 of 53 more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Today’s problems with nature derive from the current economic model, which is environmentally unsustainable in that it does not take into account environmental impacts. Lastly, we propose a series of reasonable and feasible priority measures and actions related to each use made of the country’s natural resources, to the impacts they have had, and to their management, in the hope that these can contribute to improving the conservation and management of the environment and biodiversity and move towards sustainability.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A daylight criterion on solar controls for comparing sky radiance models

The obstruction of solar radiation by solar controls must be balanced with the required daylight contribution. Solar controls are characterized by the percentage of non-obstructed external radiance. The estimation of this radiance, particularly its diffuse component, depends on the sky radiance distribution used. In this work, we have compared three models (isotropic, CIE clear sky and Perez) before deciding which one is the most suitable for calculating natural light without forgetting the aspect of energy. The incident energy on an aperture where solar control is installed and its daily factor (DF) are the two parameters that have been adopted to analyze the three models. The energy allows us to compare the models and the DF allows us to discuss the weight of each part of the sky dome for each model. It is deduced that the isotropic model is not suitable for calculating the natural light available in the presence of solar control. The small differences observed between the results obtained with the other two models justify the advantage of using Perez's model in calculations of natural illumination due to its simple formulation.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A daylight criterion on solar controls for comparing sky radiance models

The obstruction of solar radiation by solar controls must be balanced with the required daylight contribution. Solar controls are characterized by the percentage of non-obstructed external radiance. The estimation of this radiance, particularly its diffuse component, depends on the sky radiance distribution used. In this work, we have compared three models (isotropic, CIE clear sky and Perez) before deciding which one is the most suitable for calculating natural light without forgetting the aspect of energy. The incident energy on an aperture where solar control is installed and its daily factor (DF) are the two parameters that have been adopted to analyze the three models. The energy allows us to compare the models and the DF allows us to discuss the weight of each part of the sky dome for each model. It is deduced that the isotropic model is not suitable for calculating the natural light available in the presence of solar control. The small differences observed between the results obtained with the other two models justify the advantage of using Perez's model in calculations of natural illumination due to its simple formulation.Peer Reviewe

The autonomous navigation of an electric vehicle

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Lending Division - LD:D54229/85 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Acoustical impact of roads on medium-sized mediterranean coastal towns

In the littoral region near Barcelona, roads belonging to the national network go through towns. Among the problems that this situation causes on the urban quality of ltfe is a high degree of noise pollution. By-pass roads (under construction) will modtfy acoustical maps of medium-sized cities by changing all circulation itineraries inside the city and increasing urban ltfe quality by reducing noise pollution. As an example, we present our study carried out in Matard, a city located 30 km from Barcelona on its north side. The high trafic noise is compared to the predicted acoustic level when a new by-pass road comes into operation.Postprint (published version

Acoustical impact of roads on medium-sized mediterranean coastal towns

In the littoral region near Barcelona, roads belonging to the national network go through towns. Among the problems that this situation causes on the urban quality of ltfe is a high degree of noise pollution. By-pass roads (under construction) will modtfy acoustical maps of medium-sized cities by changing all circulation itineraries inside the city and increasing urban ltfe quality by reducing noise pollution. As an example, we present our study carried out in Matard, a city located 30 km from Barcelona on its north side. The high trafic noise is compared to the predicted acoustic level when a new by-pass road comes into operation

A practical tool for sizing optimal shading devices

A nomogram is presented for use in regions with a Mediterranean climate. Architects can use this tool as an easy way to optimize the design of shading devices. The nomogram allows the performance of a proposed external fixed shading device to be evaluated. The input variables required are (i) the location of the building, (ii) the orientation of the facade and (iii) two adimensional characteristics corresponding to the opening-shading device system. The accuracy reaches its minimum value during intermediate seasons but the margin of error is less than 10%.Peer Reviewe

Caso 1. Altos de la Estancia: Transformación de una zona de alto riesgo en Bogotá, con visión de gobernanza, resiliencia y adaptación al cambio global

PRESENTACIONS 1 Inauguración del taller de expertos - Dan Lewis, CRRPP-UNHabitat - Lorenzo Portocarrero, UNESCOSOST Colombia, Rector TdeA - Joan Puigdomenech, Vre UPC. Metodología y Dinámica de Trabajo. - Jordi Morató, Cat. UNESCO - Nicola Tollin, BCSE. Caso 1. Altos de la Estancia: Transformación de una zona de alto riesgo en Bogotá, con visión de gobernanza, resiliencia y adaptación al cambio global. - Duvan Hernan López, SubdirectorIDIGER, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogot