Tonsillar transcriptional profiles in atopic and non‐atopic subjects

Background: Emerging research suggests that local lymphatic tissue such as tonsils have important role in regulating the immune responses. However, allergen sensitization-induced alterations in transcriptome of tonsils are not known. Objectives: To examine the key differences in tonsillar gene expression between atopic and non-atopic subjects and further by type of sensitization. Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed on 52 tonsillar samples from atopic and non-atopic tonsillectomy patients. Sensitization to common food- and aero-allergen was defined by allergen specific IgE. Following groups were studied: (1) aero- and food-allergen sensitized (AS+FS) versus non-sensitized (NS), (2) aeroallergen-sensitized (AS) versus food-allergen sensitized (FS), (3) AS versus NS, (4) FS versus NS. Bioinformatics analysis was done using DESeq2(v3.10.2), WGCNA and GATK pipeline in R software (v3.3.1). Protein-protein interaction network was made from String database. Results: We studied 13 aeroallergen-sensitized, 6 food-allergen sensitized, 4 both food-and aero-allergen-sensitized and 29 non-sensitized tonsillectomy patients. Overall, 697 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in all sensitized subgroups including chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11), IL-20RA, MUC1 and MUC20. When comparing different groups, the gene expression profiles overlapped except the AS versus FS group comparison, suggesting significantly different gene expression between the two sensitization subgroups. Furthermore, aeroallergen-sensitized subjects had more prominent immune responses compared with non-sensitized and food-allergen sensitized subjects including gene expression for IL-17 pathway and Toll-like receptor signalling pathway. Conclusion: Allergic sensitization is associated with extensive tonsillar transcriptomic alterations and changes in immune related genes and pathways. Distinct differences were found between aero-allergen and food-allergen sensitization

Tonsillar transcriptional profiles in atopic and non-atopic subjects

Abstract Background: Emerging research suggests that local lymphatic tissue such as tonsils have important role in regulating the immune responses. However, allergen sensitization-induced alterations in transcriptome of tonsils are not known. Objectives: To examine the key differences in tonsillar gene expression between atopic and non-atopic subjects and further by type of sensitization. Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed on 52 tonsillar samples from atopic and non-atopic tonsillectomy patients. Sensitization to common food- and aero-allergen was defined by allergen specific IgE. Following groups were studied: (1) aero- and foodallergen sensitized (AS+FS) versus non-sensitized (NS), (2) aeroallergen-sensitized (AS) versus food-allergen sensitized (FS), (3) AS versus NS, (4) FS versus NS. Bioinformatics analysis was done using DESeq2(v3.10.2), WGCNA and GATK pipeline in R software (v3.3.1). Protein–protein interaction network was made from String database. Results: We studied 13 aeroallergen-sensitized, 6 food-allergen sensitized, 4 both food-and aero-allergen-sensitized and 29 non-sensitized tonsillectomy patients. Overall, 697 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in all sensitized subgroups including chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11), IL-20RA,MUC1 and MUC20. When comparing different groups, the gene expression profiles overlapped except the AS versus FS group comparison, suggesting significantly different gene expression between the two sensitization subgroups. Furthermore, aeroallergen-sensitized subjects had more prominent immune responses compared with non-sensitized and food-allergen sensitized subjects including gene expression for IL-17 pathway and Toll-like receptor signalling pathway. Conclusion: Allergic sensitization is associated with extensive tonsillar transcriptomic alterations and changes in immune related genes and pathways. Distinct differences were found between aero-allergen and food-allergen sensitization. KEYWORDS aeroallergen, atopy, IL-17, tonsil, transcriptomePeer reviewe

Herpesvirus infections in adenoids in patients with chronic adenotonsillar disease

Adenoids and tonsils have gained interest as a new in vivo model to study local immune functions and virus reservoirs. Especially herpesviruses are interesting because their prevalence and persistence in local lymphoid tissue are incompletely known. Our aim was to study herpesvirus and common respiratory virus infections in nonacutely ill adenotonsillar surgery patients. Adenoid and/or palatine tonsil tissue and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were collected from elective adenoidectomy (n = 45) and adenotonsillectomy (n = 44) patients (median age: 5, range: 1-20). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 22 distinct viruses from collected samples. The overall prevalence of herpesviruses was 89% and respiratory viruses 94%. Human herpesviruses 6 (HHV6), 7 (HHV7), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were found, respectively, in adenoids (33%, 26%, 25%), tonsils (45%, 52%, 23%), and NPA (46%, 38%, 25%). Copy numbers of the HHV6 and HHV7 genome were significantly higher in tonsils than in adenoids. Patients with intra-adenoid HHV6 were younger than those without. Detection rates of EBV and HHV7 showed agreement between corresponding sample types. This study shows that adenoid and tonsil tissues commonly harbor human herpes- and respiratory viruses, and it shows the differences in virus findings between sample types

Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune responses

Background Rhinovirus A and C infections are important contributors to asthma induction and exacerbations. No data exist on the interaction of local immune responses in rhinovirus infection. Therefore, we aimed to determine the tonsillar immune responses according to rhinovirus A, B and C infections. Methods We collected tonsillar samples, nasopharyngeal aspirates and peripheral blood from 42 rhinovirus positive tonsillectomy patients. Fifteen respiratory viruses or their types were investigated from nasopharynx and tonsil tissue, and rhinovirus species were typed. The expression of 10 cytokines and 4 transcription factors (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-28, IL-29, IL-37, TGF-beta, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2 and Tbet) were studied from tonsil tissue by quantitative PCR. A standard questionnaire of respiratory symptoms and health was filled by the patient or his/her guardian. The patients were divided into three groups by the determination of rhinovirus species. Results Overall, 16 patients had rhinovirus A, 12 rhinovirus B and 14 rhinovirus C infection. In rhinovirus B positive group there were significantly less men (P = 0.0072), less operated in spring (P = 0.0096) and more operated in fall (P = 0.030) than in rhinovirus A or C groups. Rhinovirus A positive patients had more respiratory symptoms (P = 0.0074) and particularly rhinitis (P = 0.036) on the operation day. There were no significant differences between the groups in virus codetection. In adjusted analysis, rhinovirus C infections were associated with increased IFN-alpha (P = 0.045) and decreased RORC2 expression (P = 0.025). Conclusions Rhinovirus species associated differently with clinical characteristics and tonsillar cytokine responses.Peer reviewe

Tonsillar transcriptional profiles in atopic and non-atopic subjects

Background Emerging research suggests that local lymphatic tissue such as tonsils have important role in regulating the immune responses. However, allergen sensitization-induced alterations in transcriptome of tonsils are not known. Objectives To examine the key differences in tonsillar gene expression between atopic and non-atopic subjects and further by type of sensitization. Methods RNA-sequencing was performed on 52 tonsillar samples from atopic and non-atopic tonsillectomy patients. Sensitization to common food- and aero-allergen was defined by allergen specific IgE. Following groups were studied: (1) aero- and food-allergen sensitized (AS+FS) versus non-sensitized (NS), (2) aeroallergen-sensitized (AS) versus food-allergen sensitized (FS), (3) AS versus NS, (4) FS versus NS. Bioinformatics analysis was done using DESeq2(v3.10.2), WGCNA and GATK pipeline in R software (v3.3.1). Protein-protein interaction network was made from String database. Results We studied 13 aeroallergen-sensitized, 6 food-allergen sensitized, 4 both food-and aero-allergen-sensitized and 29 non-sensitized tonsillectomy patients. Overall, 697 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in all sensitized subgroups including chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11), IL-20RA, MUC1 and MUC20. When comparing different groups, the gene expression profiles overlapped except the AS versus FS group comparison, suggesting significantly different gene expression between the two sensitization subgroups. Furthermore, aeroallergen-sensitized subjects had more prominent immune responses compared with non-sensitized and food-allergen sensitized subjects including gene expression for IL-17 pathway and Toll-like receptor signalling pathway. Conclusion Allergic sensitization is associated with extensive tonsillar transcriptomic alterations and changes in immune related genes and pathways. Distinct differences were found between aero-allergen and food-allergen sensitization.</p

Valkolupiinin soveltuvuus säilörehuksi

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Persistent human bocavirus 1 infection and tonsillar immune responses

Background Persistent human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) infection is a common finding in patients suffering from chronic tonsillar disease. However, the associations between HBoV1 infection and specific immune reactions are not completely known. We aimed to compare in vivo expression of T-cell cytokines, transcription factors, and type I/III interferons in human tonsils between HBoV1-positive and -negative tonsillectomy patients. Methods Tonsil tissue samples, nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and serum samples were obtained from 143 immunocompetent adult and child tonsillectomy patients. HBoV1 and 14 other respiratory viruses were detected in NPAs and tonsil tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serology and semi-quantitative PCR were used for diagnosing HBoV1 infections. Expression of 14 cytokines and transcription factors (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-28, IL-29, IL-37, TGF-beta, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2, Tbet) was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR in tonsil tissues. Results HBoV1 was detected by PCR in NPA and tonsils from 25 (17%) study patients. Serology results indicated prior nonacute infections in 81% of cases. Tonsillar cytokine responses were affected by HBoV1 infection. The suppression of two transcription factors, RORC2 and FOXP3, was associated with HBoV1 infection (p Conclusions Our study shows distinctively decreased T-helper(17) and T-regulatory type immune responses in local lymphoid tissue in HBoV1-positive tonsillectomy patients. HBoV1 may act as a suppressive immune modulator.</p

Rhinovirus species and tonsillar immune responses

Background Rhinovirus A and C infections are important contributors to asthma induction and exacerbations. No data exist on the interaction of local immune responses in rhinovirus infection. Therefore, we aimed to determine the tonsillar immune responses according to rhinovirus A, B and C infections. Methods We collected tonsillar samples, nasopharyngeal aspirates and peripheral blood from 42 rhinovirus positive tonsillectomy patients. Fifteen respiratory viruses or their types were investigated from nasopharynx and tonsil tissue, and rhinovirus species were typed. The expression of 10 cytokines and 4 transcription factors (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-28, IL-29, IL-37, TGF-beta, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2 and Tbet) were studied from tonsil tissue by quantitative PCR. A standard questionnaire of respiratory symptoms and health was filled by the patient or his/her guardian. The patients were divided into three groups by the determination of rhinovirus species. Results Overall, 16 patients had rhinovirus A, 12 rhinovirus B and 14 rhinovirus C infection. In rhinovirus B positive group there were significantly less men (P = 0.0072), less operated in spring (P = 0.0096) and more operated in fall (P = 0.030) than in rhinovirus A or C groups. Rhinovirus A positive patients had more respiratory symptoms (P = 0.0074) and particularly rhinitis (P = 0.036) on the operation day. There were no significant differences between the groups in virus codetection. In adjusted analysis, rhinovirus C infections were associated with increased IFN-alpha (P = 0.045) and decreased RORC2 expression (P = 0.025). Conclusions Rhinovirus species associated differently with clinical characteristics and tonsillar cytokine responses

Ravintolayrityksen somemarkkinoinnin merkitys liiketoiminnan kasvuun ja kehitykseen

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää sosiaalisen median vaikutusta ravintolayrityksen liiketoiminnan kasvuun ja kehitykseen. Työssä pyrittiin tuomaan esille keinoja, joiden avulla ravintolayritykset voisivat hyödyntää sosiaalista mediaansa paremmin ja tehokkaammin, jolloin vaikutukset liiketoiminnan kasvuun ja kehitykseen alkaisivat näkymään selkeästi. Keskeisimpiä strategioita toimivaan sosiaalisen median markkinointiin ovat esimerkiksi SOSTAC-malli, SWOT- ja PESTEL-analyysi sekä AIDAL- ja AIDEAS-malli. Lisäksi tuotiin esille myös sosiaalisen median markkinointikanavia ja trendejä. Työ toteutettiin havainnointimenetelmää hyödyntämällä. Analysointi tapahtui siten, että valittiin yhteensä kymmenen ravintolaa, joista viisi sijaitsi Seinäjoella ja loput viisi Porissa. Näiden ravintoloiden pohjalta havainnoitiin, minkätyylisiä julkaisuja valitut ravintolat sosiaalisen median kanavissaan julkaisivat. Havainnointi tapahtui tutustumalla valittujen ravintoloiden Facebook- ja Instagram-tileihin. Työn tulokset siirrettiin Exceliin, jossa niistä oli helpompi tehdä taulukoita, jotta tulosten tulkitseminen olisi helpompaa. Tuloksista käy ilmi, että suosituimpia julkaisuja ravintoloiden sosiaalisen median kanavissa olivat kilpailuihin ja ravintola henkilökuntaan liittyvät julkaisut. Toiseksi suosituimpia olivat annoskuvat ja muut kuvat, joita ovat esimerkiksi ilmoitusluontoiset kuvat

Virtuaalisesti liikkumaan - opas masentuneiden VR-pelaamisen ohjaamiseen

Masennusoireet asettavat monia esteitä liikkumisen tielle. Kun liikkuminen koetaan työläänä, on sitä katsottava mielekkyyden ja hauskanpidon näkökulmasta. Säännöllinen liikuntaharjoittelu lieventää masennuksen oireita ja alustavissa tutkimuksissa virtuaalitodellisuuspelien, eli VR-pelien, avulla liikkumisen on todettu olevan tavanomaista liikuntaa tehokkaampaa. VR-pelit tarjoavat liikkumiselle jännittävän ympäristön ja selkeät tavoitteet. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tuotettiin opas liikunnallisten virtuaalitodellisuuspelien ohjaamiseen Espoon mielenterveysyhdistys Emy ry:lle. Tavoitteena on kannustaa VR-pelien käyttöön liikunnan välineenä ja sitä kautta lisätä masennusoireisten fyysistä aktiivisuutta. Opas pohjautuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen aiheista masennus, fyysinen aktiivisuus ja virtuaalitodellisuus. Tietolähteinä olivat terveystieteiden tietokannat, painetut lähteet ja luotettaviksi arvioidut internet-sivut. Täydentävinä aineistonkeruumenetelminä käytettiin kyselyä ja opinnäytetyön tekijöiden omia havaintoja VR-välineiden käytöstä. Oppaan tekstisisältö rakennettiin eri tietosisältöjä yhdistelemällä ja soveltamalla, visuaalisessa ilmeessä käytettiin internetistä saatavilla olevia kuvia, joiden käyttöä tekijänoikeudet eivät rajoittaneet. Oppaan sisältöä kehitettiin Emy ry:n kanssa käytyjen etäkeskustelujen kautta ja valmiista tuotoksesta pyydettiin palautetta ja muokkausehdotuksia Emy ry:n ohjaajilta. Opas antaa käytännön työvälineen mielenterveyskuntoutujien kanssa työskenteleville sosiaali- ja terveysalan toimijoille, ja muillekin, jotka ovat kiinnostuneita opettelemaan VR-välineiden käyttöä ja käytön ohjaamista. Opas julkaistaan Emy ry:n verkkosivuilla.Regular physical exercise alleviates the symptoms of depression and in preliminary studies virtual reality exercise games have been proven to be more effective than regular exercise. Virtual reality games provide an exciting environment for physical training and allow the player to set clear goals and follow them. In this thesis a guidebook for instructing physically active VR gaming was produced for Emy ry, a mental health organization located in Espoo, Finland. The purpose is to encourage the use of VR equipment for physical training and thus to increase the physical activity of people with symptoms of depression. The data for the guide was collected from online health science databases, literature and reliable online sources on topics of depression, physical activity and virtual reality. In addition, the data was collected with surveys and with the authors’ own observations and experi-ences regarding VR gaming and equipment. The manuscript for the guide was compiled by applying and combining the gathered data. Online copyright free images were used for the guide’s visual appearance. The guide’s contents were improved and developed in association with Emy ry. The completed guide was also reviewed by Emy ry’s instructors. The guide acts as a practical tool for social and health care professionals working in the field of mental health rehabilitation. It also serves as a starting point for all who want to try VR equipment or start instructing physically active VR gaming. The guide will be released on Emy ry’s webpage