Alicyclic ammonium ionic liquids as lithium battery electrolytes A review

[EN] Ionic liquids are reasonable alternatives to electrolytes used in energy storage devices, such as lithium batteries, both lithium-ion and lithium-metal, given the safety advantages they provide. This is due to the favourable properties they often possess, mainly non­flammability and non­volatility. Candidates with alicyclic ammonium cations exhibit high electrochemical stabilities, especially towards lithium, a unique feature which enables the fabrication of reversible lithium-metal batteries. Recent advances in this field are reviewed herein, with emphasis on two new families of ionic liquids, based on either azepanium or 3­methylpiperidinium cations, and having potential windows around or above 6 V.INVISTA is acknowledged for funding on a close collaborative project with The QUILL Research Centre (The Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom). The author thanks Prof. K. Whiston for guidance and support.Puga, A. (2013). Alicyclic ammonium ionic liquids as lithium battery electrolytes A review. Chimica Oggi – Chemistry Today. 31(2):12-16. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/66355S121631

D* Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA

This paper presents measurements of D^{*\pm} production in deep inelastic scattering from collisions between 27.5 GeV positrons and 820 GeV protons. The data have been taken with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The decay channel $D^{*+}\to (D^0 \to K^- \pi^+) \pi^+$ (+ c.c.) has been used in the study. The $e^+p$ cross section for inclusive D^{*\pm} production with $5<Q^2<100 GeV^2$ and $y<0.7$ is 5.3 \pms 1.0 \pms 0.8 nb in the kinematic region {$1.3<p_T(D^{*\pm})<9.0$ GeV and $| \eta(D^{*\pm}) |<1.5$}. Differential cross sections as functions of p_T(D^{*\pm}), $\eta(D^{*\pm}), W$ and $Q^2$ are compared with next-to-leading order QCD calculations based on the photon-gluon fusion production mechanism. After an extrapolation of the cross section to the full kinematic region in p_T(D^{*\pm}) and $\eta$(D^{*\pm}), the charm contribution $F_2^{c\bar{c}}(x,Q^2)$ to the proton structure function is determined for Bjorken $x$ between 2 $\cdot$ 10$^{-4}$ and 5 $\cdot$ 10$^{-3}$.Comment: 17 pages including 4 figure

Preparation of non-uniform gradient structures on the basis of Ge₄₀S₆₀ alloys with modifiers

А comprehensive thermographic study of Ge₄₀S₆₀ combinations with modifiers (Рb, AI, Bi and Тe) has been carried out. It has been shown that under heating, the modifier interacts with the Ge₄₀S₆₀ alloy occurs forming new compounds, i.e. Ge₄₀S₆₀-modifier ones. The technological conditions of the production of non-uniform gradient thin-film structures have been developed and the transmission and reflection spectra of those structures have been investigated. The dispersion of the refractive indices of thin-film gradient structures in the transparency region has been studied.Проведены термографические комплексные исследования системы Ge₄₀S₆₀ c модификаторaми (Рb, AI, Bi и Тe). Показано, что при нагревании происходит взаимодействие модификаторов и сплава Ge₄₀S₆₀ с образованием новых соединений Ge₄₀S₆₀-модификаторы. Разработаны технологические условия получения неоднородных градиентных тонкопленочных структур, исследованы их спектры пропускания и отражения. В области прозрачности исследована дисперсия показателей преломления полученных тонкопленочных градиентных структур.Проведено термографiчнi комплекснi дослiдження системи Ge₄₀S₆₀-модифiкатори (РЬ, AI, Bi i Тe). Показано, що при їх нагрiваннi проходить взаємодiя модифiкаторiв iз сплавом Ge₄₀S₆₀ з утворенням нових сполук Ge₄₀S₆₀-модифiкатори. Розроблено технологiчнi умови одержання неоднорiдних градiєнтних тонкоплiвкових структур та дослiджено їхнi спектри пропускання i вiдбивання. В областi прозоростi дослiджено дисперсiю показникiв заломлення одержаних тонкоплiвкових градiєнтних структур

Investigation of the optical coatings on the dkdp single ctystals by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Magnesium fluoride and tellurium oxide were used for fabrication of the protective and antireflective coatings on the DKDP crystals. The variation of the technology of coating deposition leads to changes of surface composition of coatings which was studied by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS data allow us to conclude that carbon and its compounds, as well as oxygen resulting in the oxide formation, are the main impurities introduced at the different stages of coating deposition. The results of paper testify the fact that the ion beam processing of the DKDP single crystals with film coatings deposited onto their working surfaces facilitates the recovery of the initial composition of the film under deposition, the removal of impurities from the film surfaces that, in turn, contributes to the improvement of mechanical properties of the coating and its consolidation.Для одержання захисних і просвітляючих покриттів кристалів ДКДР використовувалися фторид магнію та оксид телуру. Модифікація технології нанесення покриттів призвела до зміни складу поверхні покрить, що досліджувалися методом рентгенівської фотоелектронної спектроскопії (РФС). Дані РФС дозволяють зробити висновок, що вуглець та його сполуки, а такожкисень, що призводить до утворення оксидів, є основними домішками, які вводяться на різних етапах нанесення покриттів. Результати роботи свідчать на користь того, що обробка монокристалів ДКДР з плівками, осадженими на їх робочі поверхні, за допомогою іонного пучка сприяє відновленню вихідного складу осаджуваної плівки, вилученню домішок з її поверхні, що, в свою чергу, покращує механічні властивості покриття і його експлуатаційні характеристики.Для получения защитных и просветляющих покрытий кристаллов ДКДР использовались фторид магния и оксид теллура. Модификация технологии нанесения покрытий привела к изменению состава поверхности покрытий, исследуемых методом рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии (РФС). Данные РФС позволяют заключить, что углерод и его соединения, а также кислород, приводящий к образованию оксидов, являются основными примесями, вводимыми на различных этапах нанесения покрытий. Результаты работы свидетельствуют в пользу того, что обработка монокристаллов ДКДР с пленками, осажденными на их рабочие поверхности, с помощью ионного пучка способствует восстановлению исходного состава осаждаемой пленки, удалению примесей с ее поверхности, что, в свою очередь, улучшает механические свойства покрытия и его эксплуатационные характеристики

Azepanium ionic liquids

The seven-member alicyclic secondary amine, azepane, has been used as starting material to synthesise a new family of room temperature ionic liquids. Such useful transformations of this coproduct of diamine production processes, generated in large amounts in the polyamide industry, would mitigate its disposal, which usually involves combustion. Reaction of azepane with 1-bromoalkanes or 1-bromoalkoxyalkanes produced the corresponding tertiary amines with good selectivity; further quaternisation reactions with the appropriate methylating agents yielded quaternary azepanium salts, [Rmazp]X (R = alkyl or alkoxyalkyl; X- = I - , [CF3 CO2 ] - or [OTf]- ; Tf = (tri¿uoromethyl)sulfonyl). Analogous [NTf2 ] - salts have also been produced by metathetic reactions. Liquid temperature ranges are signi¿cantly affected by the nature of the anion and the substituents on the azepanium cation core; for example, [CF3 CO2 ] - or [OTf]- salts based on cations with alkyl substitution are solids, whereas those with alkoxyalkyl substitution are liquids at ambient temperature. The crystal structures of [C4 mazp][CF3 CO2 ], [C4 mazp]I and [C6 mazp][NTf2 ] (C4 = butyl, C6 = hexyl) are reported. The effects of the structural features of cations and anions on density, viscosity and conductivity data are discussed. The presence of ether linkages in the cationic side chains causes a marked decrease in viscosities and an increase in conductivities. Cyclic voltammetry showed that azepanium ionic liquids exhibit extremely wide electrochemical windows, thus becoming promising and safe alternatives to electrolytes based on volatile organic compoundsBelhocine, T.; Forsyth, SA.; Gunaratne, HQN.; Nieuwenhuyzen, M.; Nockemann, P.; Vaca Puga, A.; Seddon, KR.... (2011). Azepanium ionic liquids. Green Chemistry. 13(11):3137-3155. doi:10.1039/c1gc15189dS31373155131

Measurement of elastic J/#psi# photoproduction at HERA

The reaction #gamma# p #-&gt;# J/#psi#p has been studied in ep interactions using the ZEUS detector at HERA. The cross section for elastic J/#psi# photoproduction has been measured as a function of the photon-proton centre of mass energy W in the range 40 &lt; W &lt; 140 GeV at a median photon virtuality Q&quot;2 of 5 x 10&quot;-&quot;5 GeV&quot;2. The photoproduction cross section, #sigma#_#gamma#_p_#-&gt;#_J_/_#psi#_p, is observed to rise steeply with W. A fit to the data presented in this paper to determine the parameter #delta# in the form #sigma#_#gamma#_p_#-&gt;#_J_/_#psi#_p #propor to# W&quot;#delta# yields the value #delta# = 0.92 #+-# 0.14 #+-# 0.10. The differential cross section d#sigma#/d vertical stroke t vertical stroke is presented over the range vertical stroke t vertical stroke &lt; 1.0 GeV&quot;2 where t is the square of the four-momentum exchanged at the proton vertex. d#sigma#/d vertical stroke t vertical stroke falls exponentially with a slope parameter of 4.6 #+-# 0.4&quot;+&quot;0&quot;.&quot;4_-_0_._6 GeV&quot;-&quot;2. The measured decay angular distributions are consistent with s-channel helicity conservation. (orig.)Available from FIZ Karlsruhe / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status – impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term outcomes; insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry

Aims: Classification of acute heart failure (AHF) patients into four clinical profiles defined by evidence of congestion and perfusion is advocated by the 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)guidelines. Based on the ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry, we compared differences in baseline characteristics, in-hospital management and outcomes among congestion/perfusion profiles using this classification. Methods and results: We included 7865 AHF patients classified at admission as: ‘dry-warm’ (9.9%), ‘wet-warm’ (69.9%), ‘wet-cold’ (19.8%) and ‘dry-cold’ (0.4%). These groups differed significantly in terms of baseline characteristics, in-hospital management and outcomes. In-hospital mortality was 2.0% in ‘dry-warm’, 3.8% in ‘wet-warm’, 9.1% in ‘dry-cold’ and 12.1% in ‘wet-cold’ patients. Based on clinical classification at admission, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for 1-year mortality were: ‘wet-warm’ vs. ‘dry-warm’ 1.78 (1.43–2.21) and ‘wet-cold’ vs. ‘wet-warm’ 1.33 (1.19–1.48). For profiles resulting from discharge classification, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for 1-year mortality were: ‘wet-warm’ vs. ‘dry-warm’ 1.46 (1.31–1.63) and ‘wet-cold’ vs. ‘wet-warm’ 2.20 (1.89–2.56). Among patients discharged alive, 30.9% had residual congestion, and these patients had higher 1-year mortality compared to patients discharged without congestion (28.0 vs. 18.5%). Tricuspid regurgitation, diabetes, anaemia and high New York Heart Association class were independently associated with higher risk of congestion at discharge, while beta-blockers at admission, de novo heart failure, or any cardiovascular procedure during hospitalization were associated with lower risk of residual congestion. Conclusion: Classification based on congestion/perfusion status provides clinically relevant information at hospital admission and discharge. A better understanding of the clinical course of the two entities could play an important role towards the implementation of targeted strategies that may improve outcomes. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2019 European Society of Cardiolog