¿QUIÉN ES EL GUAPO AHORA? LEXICOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICA PARA UNA HISTORIA LEGENDARIA. CERVANTES Y SANTAELLA

Esta investigación trata de restaurar una parte importante de la historia de Santaella. Intentaremos demostrar, con base en los datos lexicográficos, históricos, literarios y testimoniales, que la tradición de considerar la triple identificación Alonso Colorado-guapo de Santaella-don Quijote en el capítulo XXII parece no tener fundamento científico. Este trabajo es especialmente interesante porque da cuenta de la enorme incidencia de la obra magna de Cervantes en la tradición popular

The molecular characterization of fixed inversions breakpoints unveils the ancestral character of the Drosophila guanche chromosomal arrangements

Cytological studies revealed that the number of chromosomes and their organization varies across species. The increasing availability of whole genome sequences of multiple species across specific phylogenies has confirmed and greatly extended these cytological observations. In the Drosophila genus, the ancestral karyotype consists of five rod-like acrocentric chromosomes (Muller elements A to E) and one dot-like chromosome (element F), each exhibiting a generally conserved gene content. Chromosomal fusions and paracentric inversions are thus the major contributors, respectively, to chromosome number variation among species and to gene order variation within chromosomal element. The subobscura cluster of Drosophila consists in three species that retain the genus ancestral karyotype and differ by a reduced number of fixed inversions. Here, we have used cytological information and the D. guanche genome sequence to identify and molecularly characterize the breakpoints of inversions that became fixed since the D. guanche-D. subobscura split. Our results have led us to propose a modified version of the D. guanche cytological map of its X chromosome, and to establish that (i) most inversions became fixed in the D. subobscura lineage and (ii) the order in which the four X chromosome overlapping inversions occurred and became fixed

Multiple and diverse structural changes affect the breakpoint regions of polymorphic inversions across the Drosophila genus

Chromosomal polymorphism is widespread in the Drosophila genus, with extensive evidence supporting its adaptive character in diverse species. Moreover, inversions are the major contributors to the genus chromosomal evolution. The molecular characterization of a reduced number of polymorphic inversion breakpoints in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila subobscura supports that their inversions would have mostly originated through a mechanism that generates duplications staggered double-strand breaks and has thus the potential to contribute to their adaptive character. There is also evidence for inversion breakpoint reuse at different time scales. Here, we have characterized the breakpoints of two inversions of D. subobscura O4 and O8 involved in complex arrangements that are frequent in the warm parts of the species distribution area. The duplications detected at their breakpoints are consistent with their origin through the staggered-break mechanism, which further supports it as the prevalent mechanism in D. subobscura. The comparative analysis of inversions breakpoint regions across the Drosophila genus has revealed several genes affected by multiple disruptions due not only to inversions but also to single-gene transpositions and duplications

A new spontaneous chromosomal inversion in a classical laboratory strain of <em>Drosophila subobscura</em>

Drosophila subobscura stands out for its rich chromosomal polymorphism in natural populations. Krimbas (1992) reviewed up to 66 spontaneous chromosomal inversions that combined into 79 arrangements. Some of these inversions are common in the whole range of the species distribution, but others are only present either at low frequencies across the species distribution area or in a restricted geographical area

Los hábitos alimentarios en Educación Especial

El autor realiza un estudio en un Colegio de Educación Especial de Córdoba sobre los hábitos alimentarios de 60 niños y niñas con necesidades educativas especiales. A través de un cuestionario dirigido a las madres/padres, se intenta indagar el tipo de alimentos que componen la dieta diaria, sus preferencias y el nivel de autonomía a la hora de tomar el alimento

1918 Flu Pandemic through Laura Spinney's book "Pale Rider"

Among every pandemic, the Spanish flu of 1918 was without any doubt the deadliest in absolute terms, with some estimations reaching the amount of 100 million deaths. It is caused by the influenza A virus subtype H1N1 and it developed during the first World War, something never seen before in the appearance of a disease. Its repercussions jumbled with the armed conflict, making its consequences even worse. However, this pandemic made it obvious that a public health system was needed. During the following years, most of the countries all over the world took action in this regard. 100 years later, science and medicine have been overtaken by the COVID-19 pandemic, fighting against it with tools and weapons also used against the spanish flu. We hope to learn the lesson this time.De entre todas las pandemias, la gripe española de 1918 es, sin duda, la más mortífera y destructiva en términos absolutos que haya sufrido la especie humana, llegando algunas estimaciones a los 100 millones de muertes. Provocada por el virus de la gripe A subtipo H1N1, se desarrolló en el contexto de la I Guerra Mundial, un hecho totalmente novedoso en la presentación de una enfermedad. Sus repercusiones se entremezclan y difuminan con las de un conflicto que asoló buena parte del viejo continente, agravando así sus consecuencias. Sin embargo, esta pandemia hizo evidente la necesidad de un sistema de salud pública eficaz, de modo que la mayoría de los países del mundo tomó medidas en este aspecto. Cien años después, la ciencia y la medicina se han visto desbordadas en la pandemia de COVID-19, combatiéndola con armas muy similares a las ya vistas contra la gripe española. ¡Ojalá hayamos aprendido la lección

Inversion evolutionary rates might limit the experimental identification of inversion breakpoints in non-model species

Chromosomal inversions are structural changes that alter gene order but generally not gene content in the affected region. In Drosophila, extensive cytological studies revealed the widespread character of inversion polymorphism, with evidence for its adaptive character. In Drosophila subobscura, polymorphism affects both its four large autosomal elements and its X (A) chromosome. The characterization of eight of these autosomal inversions breakpoints revealed that most of them originated through the staggered-breaks mechanism. Here, we have performed chromosomal walks to identify the breakpoints of two X-chromosome widely distributed inversions ¿A2 and A1¿ of D. subobscura. Inversion A2 is considered a warm-adapted arrangement that exhibits parallel latitudinal clines in the species ancestral distribution area and in both American subcontinents, whereas inversion A1 is only present in the Palearctic region where it presents an east-west cline. The duplication detected at the A2 inversion breakpoints is consistent with its origin by the staggered-breaks mechanism. Inversion A1 breakpoints could not be molecularly identified even though they could be narrowly delimited. This result points to chromosome walking limitations when using as a guide the genome of other species. Limitations stem from the rate of evolution by paracentric inversions, which in Drosophila is highest for the X chromosome

The origin of chromosomal inversions as a source of segmental duplications in the Sophophora subgenus of Drosophila

Chromosomal inversions can contribute to the adaptation of organisms to their environment by capturing particular advantageous allelic combinations of a set of genes included in the inverted fragment and also by advantageous functional changes due to the inversion process itself that might affect not only the expression of flanking genes but also their dose and structure. Of the two mechanisms originating inversions ectopic recombination, and staggered double-strand breaks and subsequent repair only the latter confers the inversion the potential to have dosage effects and/or to generate advantageous chimeric genes. In Drosophila subobscura, there is ample evidence for the adaptive character of its chromosomal polymorphism, with an important contribution of some warm-climate arrangements such as E1+2+9+12. Here, we have characterized the breakpoints of inversion E12 and established that it originated through the staggered-break mechanism like four of the five inversions of D. subobscura previously studied. This mechanism that also predominates in the D. melanogaster lineage might be prevalent in the Sophophora subgenus and contribute to the adaptive character of the polymorphic and fixed inversions of its species. Finally, we have shown that the D. subobscura inversion breakpoint regions have generally been disrupted by additional structural changes occurred at different time scales

El Museo Histórico Municipal de Santaella (Córdoba)

Recorrido histórico del Museo Histórico Municipal de Santaella hasta su inauguración en 1988 y su trayectoria hasta la instalación definitiva en la Casa de las Columnas en 2016. Se detallan las dos secciones que lo conforman, Arqueología y Etnografía, completadas con Paleontología y Mineralogía, recogiendo la distribución en salas así como los fondos expuestos. Finalmente, se alude al área didáctica que se encuentra en proceso de montaje y a las zonas de almacén y administración

An easy route to the massive karyotyping of complex chromosomal arrangements in Drosophila

Inversion polymorphism is widespread in the Drosophila genus as well as in other dipteran genera. The presence of polytene chromosomes in some insect organs and, thus, the possibility to observe the different arrangements generated by inversions through a microscope enhanced the cytological study of this structural polymorphism. In several Drosophila species, these studies provided evidence for the adaptive character of this polymorphism, which together with the standing interest to uncover targets of natural selection has led to a renewed interest for inversion polymorphism. Our recent molecular characterization of the breakpoint regions of five inversions of the E chromosome of D. subobscura has allowed us to design a PCR-based strategy to molecularly identify the different chromosomal arrangements and, most importantly, to determine the E chromosome karyotype of medium- and large-sized samples from natural populations. Individuals of a test sample that were both cytologically and molecularly karyotyped were used to establish the strategy that was subsequently applied to karyotype a larger sample. Our strategy has proved to be robust and time efficient, and it lays therefore the groundwork for future studies of the E chromosome structural polymorphism through space and time, and of its putative contribution to adaptation