Friction and contact resistance for gallium- lubricated low-speed copper sliprings in vacuum

Friction and contact resistance for gallium lubricated low speed copper sliprings in vacuu

Application of the solid lubricant molybdenum disulfide by sputtering

Molybdenum disulfide lubricant film is deposited on two substrates, niobium and nickel-chromium alloys, by means of physical direct-current sputtering. The sputtering system uses a three-electrode /triode/ geometry - a thermionic cathode, an anode, and the target, all enclosed in a vacuum chamber

Method and apparatus for sputtering utilizing an apertured electrode and a pulsed substrate bias

The method and equipment used for sputtering by use of an apertured electrode and a pulsed substrate bias are discussed. The technique combines the advantages of ion plating with the versatility of a radio frequency sputtered source. Electroplating is accomplished by passing a pulsed high voltage direct current to the article being plated during radio frequency sputtering

Joining lead wires to thin platinum alloy films

A two step process of joining a lead wire to .000002 m thick platinum alloy film which rests upon an equally thin alumina insulating layer which is adhered to a metal substrate is described. Typically the platinum alloy film forms part of a thermocouple for measuring the surface temperature of a gas turbine airfoil. In the first step the lead wire is deformed 30 to 60% at room temperature while the characteristic one million ohm resistance of the alumina insulating layer is monitored for degradation. In the second step the cold pressed assembly is heated at 865 to 1025 C for 4 to 75 hr in air. During the heating step any degradation of insulating layer resistance may be reversed, provided the resistance was not decreased below 100 ohm in the cold pressing

Kultura polityczna w kontekście procesu legitymizującego władzę polityczną

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie głównych problemów związanych z legitymizacją władzy politycznej. W pierwszej części syntetycznie przedstawiono możliwe rozumienia samego pojęcia legitymizacji oraz terminów z nią pokrewnych. W drugiej części artykułu podjęto próbę omówienia istoty procesu legitymizacji w danych kulturach politycznych. Punktem wyjścia do tej analizy uczyniono podstawową typologię kultur politycznych zaproponowaną przez amerykańskich politologów G.A. Almonda i S. Verby’ego. W ostatniej części artykułu przyjęto założenie, że we współczesnych demokracjach proces legitymizacji jest iluzoryczny ze względu na brak aktywności społeczeństwa, a właściwie jego alienowanie się ze sfery życia publicznego, zwłaszcza politycznego

Gating Input to Visual Cortex by Feedback to LGN

Anatomical studies have documented massive back-projections from higher to lower visual cortices and to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The large number of synapses from these sources suggest that they should have a profound influence on the information carried by feed-forward inputs to these cells. However, the functional role of these connections is unclear. In order to explore the role of the feedback connections, we have recorded spike trains from electrodes placed in LGN in the macaque monkey under sufenta anesthesia, and have compared LGN cells' activity with and without suppression by cooling of feedback from primary visual cortex (V1). Normally, magno and parvo LGN cells show a wide range over which their responses are proportional to stimulus contrast. Inactivation of V1 feedback causes LGN cells to become more nonlinear and less sensitive to high contrast than during normal conditions. Responses during V1 inactivation have a similar shape to those of retinal ganglion cells. We have also tested the properties of the so-called extended surround as they relate to cortical activity and to influences on responses to LGN stimulation. A model of this data suggests an interpretation in terms of two fnuctional components of feedback: a contrast-dependent component which dominates at high input contrast, and a constant baseline level of inhibitory feedback. We also show that the influence of the extended surround on the classical center mechanism is more complicated than a simple integration model.National Institutes of Health (EY-05156); Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-409

Electron bombardment improves vacuum chamber efficiency

Bombardment of vacuum chamber walls by an electron gun within the chamber achieves greater efficiency with less cost. The ultimate vacuum reached using the gun is greater than the system design level

The Effects of L(+), D(-), and DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) on Electroretinogram and Ganglopn Cell Activity in the Cat Retina

L(+)-, D(-)-, or DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB; 2.5- 16 μmol) were injected into the vitreous body of anesthetized adult cats. The retina was stimulated by diffuse square wave light flashes (10- 60 ms). The flash-induced electroretinogram (ERU) and responses of single retinal ganglion cells (RGC) were recorded simultaneously. Intravitreal injection of L(+)APB led to a decrease in the ERG b-wave amplitude and the unmasking of the a-wave. The magnitude and rate of the b-wave reduction were different for the two enantiomers. The threshold dose of D(-)APB was 6 times higher than for L(+)APB. L(+)APB (8.2 ± 1.6 μmol; n=7) decreased the b-wave with an average time constant r = 88.5 min, D(-)APB (13.2 ± 1.1 μmol; n=6) with r = 357.1 min, and DL-APB (8.35 ± 1.1 μmol; n=5) with r = 101.0 min. Concomitant with the reduction of the b-wave, L(+)APB (2.7μmol) inhibited both the spontaneous and light-evoked firing in ON-center ganglion cells. The threshold doses of L(+), D(-) and DL-APB for inhibition of spontaneous adivity and the light response in ON-center cells paralleled those in reducing the ERU h-wave. Low doses of L(+)APB or DL-APB that were effective in blockng ON-center cell activity caused only very small changes in the activity of OFF-center ganglion cells. However, high doses of L(+)APB (≥8.2μmol) or DL-APB (≥13.7 μmol) also decreased the spontaneous and light-evoked activity in OFF-center RGC and first shortened than prolonged the light-induced inhibition of OFF-center RGC.Whitehall Foundation (S93-24

Thin film temperature sensor

Thin film surface temperature sensors were developed. The sensors were made of platinum-platinum/10 percent rhodium thermocouples with associated thin film-to-lead wire connections and sputtered on aluminum oxide coated simulated turbine blades for testing. Tests included exposure to vibration, low velocity hydrocarbon hot gas flow to 1250 K, and furnace calibrations. Thermal electromotive force was typically two percent below standard type S thermocouples. Mean time to failure was 42 hours at a hot gas flow temperature of 1250 K and an average of 15 cycles to room temperature. Failures were mainly due to separation of the platinum thin film from the aluminum oxide surface. Several techniques to improve the adhesion of the platinum are discussed

Pulsed high-voltage dc RF sputtering

Sputtering technique uses pulsed high voltage direct current to the object to be plated and a radio frequency sputtered film source. Resultant film has excellent adhesion, and objects can be plated uniformly on all sides