43 research outputs found
‘Awakening the Sleeping Beauty’: Brazil’s vision of a modern agriculture and the Role of the Office of Inter-American Affairs under Nelson Rockefeller
This article discusses the role of the U.S. war institution Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940-45) in the modernization policies of Brazil during the first government of Getúlio Vargas. The first section analyses - based on Brazil’s modernization utopias since the late 19th century - the concept of nation-building with its “March to the West”, the integration of the hinterland into the nation. The second section describes the structure and strategies of the Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) and its goals to mobilize as many natural resources for the war effort as possible. Providing food supply for Allied Forces and US troops in Brazil, and for miners and rubber collectors comprised the most eminent tasks of the OIAA, whose agricultural policies in Brazil are the topics of the third section, while the last section highlights that the US policies of agricultural modernization in Brazil went far beyond World War II
Kroatischer Nationalismus und Panslawismus in Argentinien und Chile während des Ersten Weltkriegs
Kroatischer Nationalismus und Panslawismus in Argentinien und Chile während des Ersten Weltkriegs
The present article deals with the development of Southern Slav nationalism among former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in South America in the years before and during World War I. The article focuses on Chile and Argentina, but also takes the transnational characteristics of the nationalist Slav movement into consideration, which established strong transatlantic connections with the Yugoslav Committee in London and links with national committees in the United States. Chile became the center of the Southern Slav movement in Western South America. It provided the committee in London not only with considerable sums of money, but also with intensive propaganda activities which first sought to gain adherents among the emigrated Croatian and Dalmatian subjects of the Habsburg Empire. The diplomatic representatives of the Dual Monarchy found themselves confronted with a political situation, which they initially sub-estimated, but were not able to deal with later.The present article deals with the development of Southern Slav nationalism among former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in South America in the years before and during World War I. The article focuses on Chile and Argentina, but also takes the transnational characteristics of the nationalist Slav movement into consideration, which established strong transatlantic connections with the Yugoslav Committee in London and links with national committees in the United States. Chile became the center of the Southern Slav movement in Western South America. It provided the committee in London not only with considerable sums of money, but also with intensive propaganda activities which first sought to gain adherents among the emigrated Croatian and Dalmatian subjects of the Habsburg Empire. The diplomatic representatives of the Dual Monarchy found themselves confronted with a political situation, which they initially sub-estimated, but were not able to deal with later.El presente artículo trata el tema del desarollo del nacionalismo sudeslavo entre ex-subditos del Imperio Austro-Húngaro en los años ante y durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. El artículo se centra en Chile e Argentina, pero considera también las características transnacionales del movimiento nacionalista eslavo que conectó al Comité Yugoslavo instituido en Londres, con los comités nacionales eslavos establecidos en Estados Unidos. Chile se convirtió en el centro del movimiento nacionalista eslavo en la costa occidental sudamericana, contribuyendo con el comité en Londres no solo con grandes sumas de dinero, sino también con un fuerte trabajo de propaganda destinado, de un lado, a ganar adeptos sobre todo entre los súbditos croatas y dálmatas establecidos en los países sudamericanos. Los representantes de la monarquía dual se vieron confrontados con una situación que en un principio subestimaron y después no supieron manejar
The first trimester human trophoblast cell line ACH-3P: A novel tool to study autocrine/paracrine regulatory loops of human trophoblast subpopulations – TNF-α stimulates MMP15 expression
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The trophoblast compartment of the placenta comprises various subpopulations with distinct functions. They interact among each other by secreted signals thus forming autocrine or paracrine regulatory loops. We established a first trimester trophoblast cell line (ACH-3P) by fusion of primary human first trimester trophoblasts (week 12 of gestation) with a human choriocarcinoma cell line (AC1-1).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression of trophoblast markers (cytokeratin-7, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases), invasion abilities and transcriptome of ACH-3P closely resembled primary trophoblasts. Morphology, cytogenetics and doubling time was similar to the parental AC1-1 cells. The different subpopulations of trophoblasts e.g., villous and extravillous trophoblasts also exist in ACH-3P cells and can be immuno-separated by HLA-G surface expression. HLA-G positive ACH-3P display pseudopodia and a stronger expression of extravillous trophoblast markers. Higher expression of insulin-like growth factor II receptor and human chorionic gonadotropin represents the basis for the known autocrine stimulation of extravillous trophoblasts.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that ACH-3P represent a tool to investigate interaction of syngeneic trophoblast subpopulations. These cells are particularly suited for studies into autocrine and paracrine regulation of various aspects of trophoblast function. As an example a novel effect of TNF-α on matrix metalloproteinase 15 in HLA-G positive ACH-3P and explants was found.</p
<i>Area Studies Revisited Die Geschichte der Lateinamerikastudien in den USA, 1940 bis 1970</i> by Torsten Loschke
A book review of: Torsten Loschke, Area Studies Revisited. Die Geschichte der Lateinamerikastudien in den USA, 1940 bis 1970. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2019
Americanization of Brazil or a pragmatic wartime alliance? The politics of Nelson Rockfeller´s office of inter american affair in Brazil during world war II
This article considers firstly the wide range of activities spearheaded by the Office of
Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) in Brazil and the significance of this wartime institution.
The OIAA was created in 1940 and headed by Nelson A. Rockefeller to combat Axis
inroads into the South of the Western Hemisphere and deepen U.S. influence in the
region. Toward this end it was engaged in a variety of spheres, including finance,
commerce, and manufacturing industry, communications and mass media, culture
and education. Its politics in Brazil, the most important hemispheric partner moreover,
serves to illustrate the intertwining of economy, politics, and culture in United States
foreign policy, especially towards Latin America. Secondly, the article will also show
that the Brazilian government � rather than being a passive recipient of dictums from
Washington � worked hard to appropriate the OIAA�s agenda to the demands of its own interests in the ongoing nation-building process. In this context the article will
ask whether the discourse of brasilidade, the state-controlled construction of a
national identity, was a counterweight to the transfer of American Way of Life and of
American values to Brazil. Hence, this text will discuss the Brazilian as well as the
U.S.-American perspective.Cet article examine en premier lieu le large spectre d�activités promues par l�Office of
Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) au Brésil et le rôle de cette institution des temps de
guerre. L�OIAA a été crée en 1940, avec à sa tête Nelson A. Rockefeller, pour
combattre l�entrée de l�Axe sur le continent américain et amplifier l�influence des
États-Unis d�Amérique dans la région. À cet effet, l�OIAA s�est immiscé dans toute
une série de sphères, telles que les finances, le commerce et l�industrie, les
communications et les médias de masse, la culture et l�éducation. Sa politique au
Brésil, son partenaire le plus important sur le continent, illustre en outre les liens
entre les aspects économiques, politiques et culturels au sein de la politique
d�affaires étrangères menée par les Etats-Unis d�Amérique, spécialement en ce qui
concerne l�Amérique Latine. En deuxième lieu, l�article montrera également que le
gouvernement brésilien - au lieu de se comporter comme récepteur passif des
prescriptions de Washington � a beaucoup travaillé pour rendre l�ordre du jour de
l�OIAA approprié à ses propres intérêts, en vue de corroborer le processus en cours
de construction de la nation. En fonction de ce contexte, l�article analysera la
capacité du discours de la « brasilité », entendu sous la perspective de la
construction d�une identité nationale contrôlée par l�État, à faire contrepoids au transfert de l�American Way of Life et des valeurs américaines au Brésil. Par
conséquent, ce texte s�intéressera aussi bien à la perspective brésilienne qu�à
l�optique nord-américaine.Este artigo analisa, em primeiro lugar, a larga gama de atividades promovidas pelo
Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) no Brasil e o significado desta instituição de
tempos de guerra. O OIAA foi criado em 1940 e liderado por Nelson A. Rockefeller
para combater a entrada do Eixo no Sul do continente americano e ampliar a
influência dos Estados Unidos na região. Com este intuito, envolveu-se numa série
de esferas, como finanças, comércio e indústria, comunicações e mídia de massas,
cultura e educação. Sua política no Brasil, seu mais importante parceiro no
continente, ilustra, além disso, o entrelaçamento entre economia, política e cultura
na política externa dos Estados Unidos, especialmente para a América Latina. Em
segundo lugar, o artigo mostrará também que o governo brasileiro � em vez de ser
um receptor passivo dos ditames de Washington � trabalhou arduamente para
apropriar a pauta do OIAA aos seus próprios interesses no processo em andamento
de construção da nação. Neste contexto, o artigo questionará se o discurso de
brasilidade, a construção de uma identidade nacional controlada pelo Estado, foi um
contrapeso para a transferência do American Way of Life e dos valores americanos
ao Brasil. Assim, este texto discutirá tanto a perspectiva brasileira quanto
estadounidense.El artículo analiza, en primer lugar, la amplia gama de actividades promovidas por el
Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) en Brasil y el significado de esta institución de
tiempos de guerra. El OIAA fue creado en 1940 y liderado por Nelson A. Rockefeller
para combatir la entrada del Eje en el Sur del continente americano y ampliar el influjo de los Estados Unidos en la región. Con este objetivo, se ha enfrascado en
una serie de esferas, como finanzas, comercio e industria, comunicaciones y
comunicación de masas, cultura y educación. Su política en Brasil, su más
importante aparcero en el continente, ilustra, además, el entrelazamiento entre
economía, política y cultura en la política exterior de los Estados Unidos, sobre todo
para América Latina. En segundo lugar, el artículo mostrará también que el gobierno
brasileño � en lugar de ser un receptor pasivo de los dictámenes de Washington �
ha trabajado arduamente para apropiar el programa del OIAA a sus propios
intereses en el proceso en marcha de construcción de la nación. En este contexto, el
artículo cuestionará si el discurso de brasilidade, la construcción de una identidad
nacional controlada por el Estado, fue un contrapeso para la transferencia del
American Way of Life y de los valores americanos al Brasil. De este modo, el texto
discutirá tanto la perspectiva brasileña como la estadounidense