Somaliland: Undtagelsen i Afrika

Intet resum

Immune Response and Mitochondrial Metabolism Are Commonly Deregulated in DMD and Aging Skeletal Muscle

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a complex process involving multiple pathways downstream of the primary genetic insult leading to fatal muscle degeneration. Aging muscle is a multifactorial neuromuscular process characterized by impaired muscle regeneration leading to progressive atrophy. We hypothesized that these chronic atrophying situations may share specific myogenic adaptative responses at transcriptional level according to tissue remodeling. Muscle biopsies from four young DMD and four AGED subjects were referred to a group of seven muscle biopsies from young subjects without any neuromuscular disorder and explored through a dedicated expression microarray. We identified 528 differentially expressed genes (out of 2,745 analyzed), of which 328 could be validated by an exhaustive meta-analysis of public microarray datasets referring to DMD and Aging in skeletal muscle. Among the 328 validated co-expressed genes, 50% had the same expression profile in both groups and corresponded to immune/fibrosis responses and mitochondrial metabolism. Generalizing these observed meta-signatures with large compendia of public datasets reinforced our results as they could be also identified in other pathological processes and in diverse physiological conditions. Focusing on the common gene signatures in these two atrophying conditions, we observed enrichment in motifs for candidate transcription factors that may coordinate either the immune/fibrosis responses (ETS1, IRF1, NF1) or the mitochondrial metabolism (ESRRA). Deregulation in their expression could be responsible, at least in part, for the same transcriptome changes initiating the chronic muscle atrophy. This study suggests that distinct pathophysiological processes may share common gene responses and pathways related to specific transcription factors

Veto Players in Post-Conflict DDR Programs: Evidence from Nepal and the DRC

Under what conditions are Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programs successfully implemented following intrastate conflict? Previous research is dominated by under-theorized case studies that lack the ability to detect the precise factors and mechanisms that lead to successful DDR. In this article, we draw on game theory and ask how the number of veto players, their policy distance, and their internal cohesion impact DDR implementation. Using empirical evidence from Nepal and the Democratic Republic of Congo, we show that the number of veto players, rather than their distance and cohesion, explains the (lack of) implementation of DDR

Meta-analysis of muscle transcriptome data using the MADMuscle database reveals biologically relevant gene patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>DNA microarray technology has had a great impact on muscle research and microarray gene expression data has been widely used to identify gene signatures characteristic of the studied conditions. With the rapid accumulation of muscle microarray data, it is of great interest to understand how to compare and combine data across multiple studies. Meta-analysis of transcriptome data is a valuable method to achieve it. It enables to highlight conserved gene signatures between multiple independent studies. However, using it is made difficult by the diversity of the available data: different microarray platforms, different gene nomenclature, different species studied, etc.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>We have developed a system tool dedicated to muscle transcriptome data. This system comprises a collection of microarray data as well as a query tool. This latter allows the user to extract similar clusters of co-expressed genes from the database, using an input gene list. Common and relevant gene signatures can thus be searched more easily. The dedicated database consists in a large compendium of public data (more than 500 data sets) related to muscle (skeletal and heart). These studies included seven different animal species from invertebrates (<it>Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans</it>) and vertebrates (<it>Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Canis familiaris, Gallus gallus</it>). After a renormalization step, clusters of co-expressed genes were identified in each dataset. The lists of co-expressed genes were annotated using a unified re-annotation procedure. These gene lists were compared to find significant overlaps between studies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Applied to this large compendium of data sets, meta-analyses demonstrated that conserved patterns between species could be identified. Focusing on a specific pathology (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) we validated results across independent studies and revealed robust biomarkers and new pathways of interest. The meta-analyses performed with MADMuscle show the usefulness of this approach. Our method can be applied to all public transcriptome data.</p

Sven Rubenson - Internal Rivalries and Foreign Threats (1869-1879).

Prunier Gérard. Sven Rubenson - Internal Rivalries and Foreign Threats (1869-1879).. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 18, année 2002. pp. 283-284

Cooper (Frederick) : Front slaves to squatters : Plantation labour and agriculture in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya (1890-1925)

Prunier Gérard. Cooper (Frederick) : Front slaves to squatters : Plantation labour and agriculture in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya (1890-1925). In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 69, n°255, 2e trimestre 1982. pp. 171-172

Eshetu Chole - Under development in Ethiopia

Prunier Gérard. Eshetu Chole - Under development in Ethiopia. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 21, année 2005. pp. 200-201

Cooper (Frederick) : On the African Waterfront. Urban disorder and the transformation of work in colonial Mombasa

Prunier Gérard. Cooper (Frederick) : On the African Waterfront. Urban disorder and the transformation of work in colonial Mombasa. In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 79, n°295, 2e trimestre 1992. pp. 276-277

Triulzi (Alessandro) : Salt Gold and Legitimacy. Prelude to the history of a noman's land, Bêla Shangul, Wallagga, Ethiopia (circa 1800-1898)

Prunier Gérard. Triulzi (Alessandro) : Salt Gold and Legitimacy. Prelude to the history of a noman's land, Bêla Shangul, Wallagga, Ethiopia (circa 1800-1898). In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 74, n°274, 1er trimestre 1987. pp. 114-115