6,464 research outputs found

    A State’s Gendered Response to Political Instability: Gendering Labor Policy in Semi-Authoritarian El Salvador (1944-1972)

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    Unlike much of the gender and welfare literature, this study examines why a regime that constrains pressure from below would adopt gendered social policies. The Salvadoran case (1944-1972) suggests that political instability rather than societal pressures may prompt semi-authoritarian regimes to adopt gendered labor reforms. We extend the motivations for adopting gendered labor reforms to include co-opting labor by examining gendered labor reforms in the context of El Salvador’s historically contingent labor strategy. This gendered analysis helps explain how a semi-authoritarian regime secured political stability and reveals the special appeal gendered labor reforms may have to semi-authoritarian regimes

    Group Life Insurance: Its Legal Aspects

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    Group Life Insurance: Its Legal Aspects

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    Background: Female representation on boards is an ongoing debate. The European Parliament voted in November 2013 in favour of a proposal that it should be at least 40 percent women on company boards by 2020. Jens Spendrup, president of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, was interviewed on Swedish Radio in February 2014 and stated that there are not enough qualified women to recruit to the company boards. The listed companies in Sweden only have 22 percent of women in their company boards and given Jens Spendrup’s statement should they have difficulty reaching up to 40 percent by 2020. Nevertheless, the state-owned companies has shown that it is possible with a female representation of 50 percent. The question then is what the private companies are doing wrong? Aim: The study aims to investigate the recruitment process within listed companies and state-owned companies in Sweden to see if it affects the representation of women on corporate boards. This study intends to explain why female representation is so low in the private sector relative to the state sector. Methodology: The study is qualitative in nature where empirical data is primarily collected through interviews with representatives that have insight in the recruitment process in each sector. Theory and empirical data were alternately collected which implies an iterative approach. Conclusion: We have distinguished organizational differences in the recruitment process, which is crucial for female representation. Time and resources have been identified as key parameters and age as well as experience affects the selection of candidates. We also discovered that normative regulations do not work in the private sector and therefor there is a need for a mandatory regulation.Bakgrund: Den kvinnliga representationen i bolagsstyrelser Ă€r en aktuell debatt. Europaparlamentet röstade i november 2013 ja till ett förslag att det ska vara minst 40 procent kvinnor i bolagsstyrelser senast Ă„r 2020. Jens Spendrup, ordförande i Svenskt NĂ€ringsliv, uttalade sig i Sveriges Radio i februari 2014 om att det inte finns tillrĂ€ckligt med kompetenta kvinnor att rekrytera till bolagsstyrelser, vilket blev vĂ€ldigt uppmĂ€rksammat i media. Som synes pĂ„gĂ„r debatten bĂ„de nationellt och internationellt. Börsbolagen i Sverige har 22 procent kvinnor i sina bolagsstyrelser och med tanke pĂ„ Jens Spendrups uttalande borde de ha svĂ„rt att nĂ„ 40 procent till Ă„r 2020. Dock har de statligt helĂ€gda bolagen visat att det Ă€r möjligt och har en kvinnlig representation pĂ„ 50 procent. FrĂ„gan Ă€r dĂ„ vad de privata bolagen gör för fel? Syfte: Studiens syfte Ă€r att undersöka rekryteringsprocessen inom börsbolag och statligt helĂ€gda bolag i Sverige för att se om den pĂ„verkar den kvinnliga representationen i bolagsstyrelserna. Denna studie Ă€mnar att förklara varför kvinnlig representation Ă€r sĂ„ lĂ„g inom den privata sektorn i förhĂ„llande till den statliga sektorn. Metod: Studien Ă€r av kvalitativ karaktĂ€r dĂ€r empirin frĂ€mst Ă€r insamlad genom intervjuer med representanter som har insyn i rekryteringsprocessen inom respektive sektor. Teori och empiri insamlades vĂ€xelvis vilket innebĂ€r en iterativ ansats. Slutsats: Vi har i studien urskilt organisatoriska skillnader i rekryteringsprocessen vilket Ă€r avgörande för den kvinnliga representationen. Tid och resurser har identifierats som viktiga parametrar samt att Ă„lder och erfarenhet spelar en viktig roll vid urvalet av kandidater. Vi konstaterar Ă€ven att normativa regelverk inte fungerar pĂ„ privat sektor och dĂ€rmed finns behov av tvingande regelverk

    Preconditions for a successful implementation of supervisors' prompt corrective action: Is there a case for a banking standard in the European Union?

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    Over the past years, several countries around the world have adopted a system of prudential prompt corrective action (PCA). The European Union countries are being encouraged to adopt PCA by policy analysts who explicitly call for its adoption. To date, most of the discussion on PCA has focused on its overall merits. This paper focuses on the preconditions needed for the adoption of an effective PCA. These preconditions include conceptual elements such as a prudential supervisory focus on minimizing deposit insurance losses and mandating supervisory action as capital declines. These preconditions also include institutional aspects such as greater supervisory independence and authority, more effective resolution mechanisms, and better methods of measuring capital.

    Dominican Republic, Postcards.

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    Postcards. Himo Nacional. Musica del Maestro Rose Reyes. and Estrotas de Emilio Prud\u27 homme. Carries the National anthem of the Dominican Republic in Spanish.https://dh.howard.edu/og_photo/1003/thumbnail.jp

    ECONOMIC BARRIERS INHIBITING THE SUCCESSFUL DELIVERY OF STATE HOUSING: AN EASTERN CAPE PERSPECTIVE

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    Housing delivery within South Africa, and specifically the Eastern Cape, is constrained by a variety of pressing issues. Significant nation-wide barriers include fiscal decentralization, supply driven inefficiencies, non-sustainability and bureaucratic failure. More specific factors and trends are highlighted through juxtaposing the normative policy aims with two case study assessments of local municipalities. These various instances of politico-economic failure appear to be bypassed via social housing initiatives; however, theoretical and practical recommendations lend themselves towards the immediate renewal of the current housing program.Community/Rural/Urban Development,

    Forest for the Trees

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    These paintings show life’s swarming energy coalescing into form. They are propositions to make space for connection

    K-vec: A New Approach for Aligning Parallel Texts

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    Various methods have been proposed for aligning texts in two or more languages such as the Canadian Parliamentary Debates(Hansards). Some of these methods generate a bilingual lexicon as a by-product. We present an alternative alignment strategy which we call K-vec, that starts by estimating the lexicon. For example, it discovers that the English word "fisheries" is similar to the French "pe^ches" by noting that the distribution of "fisheries" in the English text is similar to the distribution of "pe^ches" in the French. K-vec does not depend on sentence boundaries.Comment: 7 pages, uuencoded, compressed PostScript; Proc. COLING-9

    Should I Bug You? Identifying Domain Experts in Software Projects Using Code Complexity Metrics

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    In any sufficiently complex software system there are experts, having a deeper understanding of parts of the system than others. However, it is not always clear who these experts are and which particular parts of the system they can provide help with. We propose a framework to elicit the expertise of developers and recommend experts by analyzing complexity measures over time. Furthermore, teams can detect those parts of the software for which currently no, or only few experts exist and take preventive actions to keep the collective code knowledge and ownership high. We employed the developed approach at a medium-sized company. The results were evaluated with a survey, comparing the perceived and the computed expertise of developers. We show that aggregated code metrics can be used to identify experts for different software components. The identified experts were rated as acceptable candidates by developers in over 90% of all cases

    Road user charging and implications for transport policy: Findings from the CURACAO project

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    This paper reports on the outcomes of a European project, CURACAO, designed to support the implementation of urban road user charging (URUC) as a demand management tool in urban areas. The project did this through engagement with a User Group of cities interested in pursuing URUC to identify the barriers preventing them from doing so. The project reviewed the complete process of setting up a URUC scheme from the setting of objectives, through to scheme design, predicting impacts, achieving acceptability and the implementation process and presented its findings in a State of the Art Report and a Case Studies Report. The State of the Art Report provides evidence collated from research and practice to address a series of 14 themes identified by the User Group, including objectives; scheme design; technology; business systems; prediction; traffic, environmental, economic and equity impacts; appraisal; acceptability; transferability; implementation; and evaluation. The Case Study Report reviewed 16 proposed or implemented schemes in Europe, focusing on pricing objectives, scheme design, the implementation process and scheme results. On this basis, the CURACAO Consortium developed a list of policy recommendations aimed at cities and regional authorities, national governments, and the European Commission. The paper summarises the main findings of the State of the Art Report and the case studies. On this basis, it outlines the policy recommendations which were drawn, and identifies future research needs
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