125 research outputs found
Application of Geographically Weighted Regression to Investigate the Impact of Scale on Prediction Uncertainty by Modelling Relationship between Vegetation and Climate
Scale-dependence of spatial relationship between vegetation and rainfall in Central Sulavesi has been modelled using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and rainfall data from weather stations. The modelling based on application of two statistical approaches: conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and geographically weighted regression (GWR). The analysis scales ranged from the entire study region to spatial unities with a size of 750*750 m. The analysis revealed the presence of spatial non-stationarity for the NDVI-precipitation relationship. The results support the assumption that dealing with spatial non-stationarity and scaling down from regional to local modelling significantly improves the modelβs accuracy and prediction power. The local approach also provides a better solution to the problem of spatially autocorrelated errors in spatial modelling
Modified Light Use Efficiency Model for Assessment of Carbon Sequestration in Grasslands of Kazakhstan: Combining Ground Biomass Data and Remote-sensing
A modified light use efficiency (LUE) model was tested in the grasslands of central Kazakhstan in terms of its ability to characterize spatial patterns and interannual dynamics of net primary production (NPP) at a regional scale. In this model, the LUE of the grassland biome (n) was simulated from ground-based NPP measurements, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and meteorological observations using a new empirical approach. Using coarse-resolution satellite data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), monthly NPP was calculated from 1998 to 2008 over a large grassland region in Kazakhstan. The modelling results were verified against scaled up plot-level observations of grassland biomass and another available NPP data set derived from a field study in a similar grassland biome. The results indicated the reliability of productivity estimates produced by the model for regional monitoring of grassland NPP. The method for simulation of n suggested in this study can be used in grassland regions where no carbon flux measurements are accessible
Response of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in a mountainous tropical rainforest in equatorial Indonesia to El NiΓ±o events
The possible impact of El NiΓ±oβSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the
main components of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes between the tropical rainforest
and the atmosphere is investigated. The fluxes were continuously measured in an
old-growth mountainous tropical rainforest in Central Sulawesi in
Indonesia using the eddy covariance method for the period from January 2004
to June 2008. During this period, two episodes of El NiΓ±o and one
episode of La NiΓ±a were observed. All these ENSO episodes had moderate
intensity and were of the central Pacific type. The temporal variability
analysis of the main meteorological parameters and components of CO<sub>2</sub>
and H<sub>2</sub>O exchange showed a high sensitivity of evapotranspiration (ET)
and gross primary production (GPP) of the tropical rainforest to
meteorological variations caused by both El NiΓ±o and La NiΓ±a
episodes. Incoming solar radiation is the main governing factor that is
responsible for ET and GPP variability. Ecosystem respiration (RE) dynamics
depend mainly on the air temperature changes and are almost insensitive to
ENSO. Changes in precipitation due to moderate ENSO events did not have any
notable effect on ET and GPP, mainly because of sufficient soil moisture
conditions even in periods of an anomalous reduction in precipitation in the
region
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΠ°
For the synthesis of radiating systems, which form the flat-topped radiation patterns there are some of the most convenient methods, including Fourier method, method of partial diagram and method of changing projections. These methods are handy for calculation, because they allow us to obtain the flat-topped radiation patterns with predetermined electrical characteristics. These are the following characteristics: side-lobe level, width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern, and amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. Meeting the challenge of synthesizing flat-topped radiation pattern is complicated by the break points available in a predetermined radiation pattern, which prevent the convergence of the Fourier series. The points of discontinuity, in turn, lead to the emergence of extremes that are associated with the Gibbβs phenomenon. To eliminate them, are used different methods for approximating a given radiation pattern (a series of Kotelnikov polynomial and that of Chebyshev). Such approximation, in turn, imposes restrictions on the basic quality indicators the flat-topped radiation patterns, such as the steepness of fronts and top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. The proposed method provides the lowest side-lobe level with small amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The paper offers a linear approximation option of the given radiation pattern, which allows a synthesized radiation pattern with a diversity of quality parameters. This is achieved by linear approximation coefficients that can be determined using optimization algorithms. Depending on the target function for the optimization algorithm it is possible to determine the best trade-off between making the steepness parameter of the fronts and the top ripple amplitude of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The important feature of the method is that it minimizes the Gibbs phenomenon and is easy to calculate gratings with the small number of radiators.ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Β Β Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅. Π’ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π§Π΅Π±ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°). ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
Improving land cover classification using input variables derived from a geographically weighted principal components analysis
This study demonstrates the use of a geographically weighted principal components analysis (GWPCA) of remote sensing imagery to improve land cover classification accuracy. A principal components analysis (PCA) is commonly applied in remote sensing but generates global, spatially-invariant results. GWPCA is a local adaptation of PCA that locally transforms the image data, and in doing so, can describe spatial change in the structure of the multi-band imagery, thus directly reflecting that many landscape processes are spatially heterogenic. In this research the GWPCA localised loadings of MODIS data are used as textural inputs, along with GWPCA localised ranked scores and the image bands themselves to three supervised classification algorithms. Using a reference data set for land cover to the west of Jakarta, Indonesia the classification procedure was assessed via training and validation data splits of 80/20, repeated 100 times. For each classification algorithm, the inclusion of the GWPCA loadings data was found to significantly improve classification accuracy. Further, but more moderate improvements in accuracy were found by additionally including GWPCA ranked scores as textural inputs, data that provide information on spatial anomalies in the imagery. The critical importance of considering both spatial structure and spatial anomalies of the imagery in the classification is discussed, together with the transferability of the new method to other studies. Research topics for method refinement are also suggested
The use of NDVI and its Derivatives for Monitoring Lake Victoriaβs Water Level and Drought Conditions
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is a measure of vegetation vigour, and lake water levels respond variably to precipitation and its deficiency. For a given lake catchment, NDVI may have the ability to depict localized natural variability in water levels in response to weather patterns. This information may be used to decipher natural from unnatural variations of a given lakeβs surface. This study evaluates the potential of using NDVI and its associated derivatives (VCI (vegetation condition index), SVI (standardised vegetation index), AINDVI (annually integrated NDVI), green vegetation function (F g ), and NDVIA (NDVI anomaly)) to depict Lake Victoriaβs water levels. Thirty years of monthly mean water levels and a portion of the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) NDVI datasets were used. Their aggregate data structures and temporal co-variabilities were analysed using GIS/spatial analysis tools. Locally, NDVI was found to be more sensitive to drought (i.e., responded more strongly to reduced precipitation) than to water levels. It showed a good ability to depict water levels one-month in advance, especially in moderate to low precipitation years. SVI and SWL (standardized water levels) used in association with AINDVI and AMWLA (annual mean water levels anomaly) readily identified high precipitation years, which are also when NDVI has a low ability to depict water levels. NDVI also appears to be able to highlight unnatural variations in water levels. We propose an iterative approach for the better use of NDVI, which may be useful in developing an early warning mechanisms for the management of lake Victoria and other Lakes with similar characteristics
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Remote sensing of annual terrestrial gross primary productivity from MODIS: an assessment using the FLUXNET La Thuile data set
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest
and most variable component of the global terrestrial carbon
cycle. Repeatable and accurate monitoring of terrestrial
GPP is therefore critical for quantifying dynamics in
regional-to-global carbon budgets. Remote sensing provides high frequency observations of terrestrial ecosystems and is
widely used to monitor and model spatiotemporal variability
in ecosystem properties and processes that affect terrestrial
GPP. We used data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and FLUXNET to assess how well four metrics derived from remotely sensed vegetation
indices (hereafter referred to as proxies) and six remote
sensing-based models capture spatial and temporal variations
in annual GPP. Specifically, we used the FLUXNET
La Thuile data set, which includes several times more sites
(144) and site years (422) than previous studies have used.
Our results show that remotely sensed proxies and modeled
GPP are able to capture significant spatial variation in mean
annual GPP in every biome except croplands, but that the percentage
of explained variance differed substantially across
biomes (10β80%). The ability of remotely sensed proxies
and models to explain interannual variability in GPP was
even more limited. Remotely sensed proxies explained 40β60% of interannual variance in annual GPP in moisture-limited
biomes, including grasslands and shrublands. However,
none of the models or remotely sensed proxies explained
statistically significant amounts of interannual variation
in GPP in croplands, evergreen needleleaf forests, or
deciduous broadleaf forests. Robust and repeatable characterization
of spatiotemporal variability in carbon budgets is
critically important and the carbon cycle science community
is increasingly relying on remotely sensing data. Our analyses
highlight the power of remote sensing-based models,
but also provide bounds on the uncertainties associated with
these models. Uncertainty in flux tower GPP, and difference
between the footprints of MODIS pixels and flux tower measurements
are acknowledged as unresolved challenges.This is the publisherβs final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.biogeosciences.net/
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Spatiotemporal climate and vegetation greenness changes and their nexus for Dhidhessa River Basin, Ethiopia
Background
Understanding spatiotemporal climate and vegetation changes and their nexus is key for designing climate change adaptation strategies at a local scale. However, such a study is lacking in many basins of Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze temperature, rainfall and vegetation greenness trends and (ii) determine the spatial relationship of climate variables and vegetation greenness, characterized using Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index (NDVI), for the Dhidhessa River Basin (DRB). Quality checked high spatial resolution satellite datasets were used for the study. MannβKendall test and Senβs slope method were used for the trend analysis. The spatial relationship between climate change and NDVI was analyzed using geographically weighted regression (GWR) technique.
Results
According to the study, past and future climate trend analysis generally showed wetting and warming for the DRB where the degree of trends varies for the different time and spatial scales. A seasonal shift in rainfall was also observed for the basin. These findings informed that there will be a negative impact on rain-fed agriculture and water availability in the basin. Besides, NDVI trends analysis generally showed greening for most climatic zones for the annual and main rainy season timescales. However, no NDVI trends were observed in all timescales for cool sub-humid, tepid humid and warm humid climatic zones. The increasing NDVI trends could be attributed to agroforestry practices but do not necessarily indicate improved forest coverage for the basin. The change in NDVI was positively correlated to rainfall (r2β=β0.62) and negatively correlated to the minimum (r2β=β0.58) and maximum (r2β=β0.45) temperature. The study revealed a strong interaction between the climate variables and vegetation greenness for the basin that further influences the biophysical processes of the land surface like the hydrologic responses of a basin.
Conclusion
The study concluded that the trend in climate and vegetation greenness varies spatiotemporally for the DRB. Besides, the climate change and its strong relationship with vegetation greenness observed in this study will further affect the biophysical and environmental processes in the study area; mostly negatively on agricultural and water resource sectors. Thus, this study provides helpful information to device climate change adaptation strategies at a local scale
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