27 research outputs found

    CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āđƒāļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļ‡āļ§āļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ§āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒ  āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ”āļĩ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļąāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļ“ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āļ–āļđāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 30 āļ„āļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 3 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļ“ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđāļšāļš open and axial coding techniques (Strauss and Corbin, 1990) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĒāļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļĢāļĒāļēāļ—āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ—āļĒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ° 3 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļžāļđāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ›āļāļĄāļ™āļīāđ€āļ—āļĻāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļ“ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļĄāļēāļĢāļĒāļēāļ—āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ : āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ ABSTRACT 1Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, ThailandWith the rapid increase of Chinese students studying at Thai universities, there is a growing concern for their welfare and ability to adapt to life at Thai universities and function successfully in Thai culture. Comments from past students show that a few can adapt, but most encounter problems such as prolong culture shock due to lack of strategies for dealing with new cultural experiences, inadequate knowledge of Thai culture and poor intercultural communication ability. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate cross-cultural adaptation problems and find solutions and strategies for Chinese students to consider before coming to study in Thailand. Data were collected through an open-response questionnaire with thirty new comer Chinese students who had been studying English at a Thai university for three months. The open and axial coding techniques (Strauss and Corbin, 1990) were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that the most significant problems for cultural adaptation were including language barriers in both English and Thai, having no strategies for inter-cultural communication with Thai people, not being familiar with Thai etiquette and food, appropriate social behavior and Thai classroom culture. As far as solutions and strategies, the research recommends three main areas including increasing the study of Thai language and culture, having better competence in inter-cultural communication strategies for talking with Thai people, and providing more detail orientation training before coming to Thailand in order to understand proper Thai cultural behavior, etiquette and Thai university study habits. Keywords: Foreign University Study, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Inter-Cultural Communicatio

    Compressive behavior of trabecular bone in the proximal tibia using a cellular solid model

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    In this study, trabecular architecture is considered as a cellular solid structure, including both intact and damaged bone models. ??Intact?? bone models were constructed based on ideal versions of 25, 60 and 80-year-old specimens with varying trabecular lengths and orientations to 5%, and 10% covariance of variation (COV). The models were also flipped between longer transverse and longer longitudinal trabeculae. With increasing COV of lengths and orientations of trabecular bone, the apparent modulus is linearly decreased, especially in the longer transverse trabeculae lengths. ??Damaged?? bone models were built from the 25 year old model at 5% COV of longer transverse trabeculae, and with removing trabeculae of 5% and 10% of trabecular volume in transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively, as well as in combination to total 10% and 15%. With increasing percent of trabeculae missing, the apparent modulus decreased, especially dramatically when removal was only in the transverse direction. The trabecular bone models were also connected to a cortical shell and it was found that the apparent modulus of an entire slice was increased in comparison to the modulus of trabecular bone alone. We concluded that the architecture of trabecular bone, especially both lengths and percent of trabecular missing in the longitudinal direction, significantly influences mechanical properties

    Piracy, intellectual property law and the fashion industry in Thailand

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    Fashion piracy in Thailand is viewed by the Thai government as a major problem and obstacle that prevents investment in fashion in Thailand. It also affects international trade relationships. The gradual enforcement of Intellectual property protection for the fashion industry should therefore be increased to help the industry survive and grow sustainably. However, there is an equally strong counter-argument that the fashion piracy industry may also increase levels of employment and develop essential skills in Thailand. Although Thailand is a developing country, its fashion industry is becoming one of its main industries both in terms of new Thai brands and also as a manufacturer of established global brands. Thus, the appropriate level of Intellectual property and its enforcement is the thin line to be considered, and it may affect both the fashion industry in Thailand and foreign investments

    Mechanical bone strength in the proximal tibia

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    Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-28).Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.Six bone slices from one canine tibia were tested by compressive load to determine the ultimate strength as a function of distance from the knee. Both the ultimate compressive strength and overall modulus of elasticity of tibial bone increased with increasing distance from the knee. However, over the first 15 mm the ultimate compressive strength is almost constant. Moreover, the changing cross-sectional area of cancellous bone conversely affects the changing strength and modulus of elasticity. These findings were a pilot study of the technique, which will subsequently be used for human tibial bone. Such data is relevant in the human with respect to the ability of the bone at various distances from the condyle to support the "flat-plate" loading of the tibial tray that is a standard component of total knee replacements

    Non-native English Speaking Teachers: Uncovering Thai EFL Teachers’ Instructional Practices in an International Program of Thai University

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    Non-native English speaking teachers can serve as good models for students because they are good in different aspects from their native colleagues (Medgyes, 1994). With a few studies concerning foreign students’ perceptions of language teaching in Thai EFL contexts, Thai EFL teachers have less deep information to reflect upon their instructional practices. This paper, therefore, tries to discuss Chinese students’ perceptions of Thai EFL teachers’ instructional practices concerning their pedagogical strengths and weaknesses in English language teaching. The study was conducted with 38 Chinese students from a university in Yunnan Province, China through a set of questionnaires and open-response items. The findings showed that native English speaking teachers are the most preferable over Thai EFL teachers. This preference is related to students’ learning experience of English as a foreign language in China and the need for native teachers in order to acquire language competence. Interestingly, they viewed Thai EFL teachers positively. Findings also indicated that Thai EFL teachers are knowledgeable, qualified, and have good characteristics in English language teaching. These factors have a positive impact on Chinese students’ learning in class, yet they also have some pedagogical weaknesses and language limitations in English language teaching

    Chinese students’ metaphorical descriptions of Thai teachers at a Thai university

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    Purpose – This paper discusses Chinese students’ negative and positive written feedback about Thai teachers using metaphorical descriptions and the links between it and their classroom experiences. Methodology – An open-response questionnaire was employed to collect the data from 21 Chinese female students. The questionnaire provided both positive and negative “people” or “thing” metaphors of Thai teachers for students’ selection. In addition, students were allowed to use their own metaphors to describe their teachers. Data was analyzed by using open and axial coding techniques. Findings – The results revealed that Chinese students were able to compare Thai teachers with either a “person” or “thing” metaphor and could write a metaphorical description that reflected different aspects of their instructors’ teaching, both positively and negatively. The quality of their descriptions was rich enough to link with their classroom learning experiences. Both positive and negative “people” and “thing” metaphorical descriptions were associated with three different viewpoints: academic, power dynamics, and emotion. The positive “people” metaphorical descriptions were linked to four classroom issues: knowledge and experience, teaching style, motivation, and guardian/protector. In contrast, the positive “thing” and negative “people” and “thing” metaphorical descriptions were linked to three classroom issues: knowledge and experience, teaching style, and emotion. Significance – These findings help to strengthen Thai-Sino understanding of the relationship between Chinese students and Thai teachers. Findings also suggested that Chinese students’ metaphorical feedback should be used with the non-metaphorical assessment form to evaluate and improve Thai teachers’ instructional practices in the Thai Chinese student exchange curriculum

    āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļēāļŠāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļđāđ€āļ•āļ™āļˆāļēāļāđāļ›āđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđ„āļ‚āđˆāļ‚āļēāļ§Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Quality of Gluten-free Brown Rice Pasta Enriched with Egg White Protein

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    āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļđāđ€āļ•āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļžāļēāļŠāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļđāđ€āļ•āļ™āļˆāļēāļāđāļ›āđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđāļ›āđ‰āļ‡āļœāļŠāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļ›āđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ (Brown Rice Flour; BRF) āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ›āđ‰āļ‡āļžāļĢāļĩāđ€āļˆāļĨāļēāļ•āļīāđ„āļ™āļ‹āđŒ (Pregelatinized Cassava Starch; PGCS) (BRF : PGCS 100 : 0, 95 : 5 āđāļĨāļ° 90 : 10) āđ„āļ‚āđˆāļ‚āļēāļ§āļœāļ‡ (EWP āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 5 āđāļĨāļ°10%) āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ‹āļ™āđāļ—āļ™āļāļąāļĄ (XG āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 5 āđāļĨāļ° 10%) āļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļš Full Factorial in CRD āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļļāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļļāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļ‹āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļīāļĄ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 50 āļ„āļ™ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđāļšāļš 9-point Hedonic Scale āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļĄāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ€āļŠāļīāļĢāđŒāļŸāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļšāļš Sequential Monadic āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĨāļ° 4 āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļŠāļīāļĢāđŒāļŸāđāļšāļšāļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļ‚āđˆāļ‚āļēāļ§āļœāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ PGCS āđāļĨāļ° XG āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļēāļŠāļ•āđ‰āļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļļāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŦāļļāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļ‹āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ BRF : PGCS/EWP/XG āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 95 : 5/10/5 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđˆāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠ āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‹āļ­āļŠāļžāļēāļŠāļ•āđ‰āļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 78% āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ 50 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ 12.1% āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļēāļŠāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēGluten free (GF) products are increasingly interested worldwide. The objective of this research was to develop gluten-free pasta from brown rice flour enriched with egg white protein and to evaluate physicochemical quality and consumer acceptability of developed gluten-free brown rice pasta formulations. Composite flour from Brown Rice Flour (BRF) and Pre-gelatinized Cassava Starch (PGCS) (BRF : PGCS at 100 : 0, 95 : 5 and 90 : 10), egg white powder (EWP at 5 and 10%, w/w), and xanthan gum (XG at 5 and 10%, w/w) were applied using full factorial in CRD to produce gluten-free pasta. Developed pasta was subjected to physicochemical properties including cooking time, cooking loss, water absorption, and hardness using texture analyser. Sensory evaluation using 9-point hedonic scale (with and without pasta sauce) (n=50) for the selected GF pasta which had low cooking loss was conducted and served using sequential monadic for 4 samples of each set with counterbalanced serving. The results showed that at the same level of EWP, as the levels of PGCS and XG increased, cooking time, cooking loss and water absorption increased. The hardness of GF pasta decreased as the level of PGCS increased. Sensory quality showed that pasta containing BRF : PGCS/EWP/XG at the level of 95 : 5/10/5 gained the highest liking score in terms of appearance, aroma, texture as well as overall liking, both with and without pasta sauce. The purchase intention of the selected GF pasta was up to 78%. The protein content was 12.1% which was comparable to the protein content of the commercial wheat pasta based on a serving size of 50 g

    Performance of the Locally Made Disposable 10-gram Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Compared to the Commercially Available Monofilament

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    Objective: The aim of this study was to find a technique to make a disposable monofilament which is accurate and affordable for Thailand context. A prototype of local made monofilament was developed and tested with the calibrated universal machine test to evaluate its performance compared with the commercial monofilament. Effect of the uncontrolled humidity condition on the performance of the commercial monofilament was also studied. Methods: Review of literatures showed no published specifications of the monofilament. The investigators set the concepts that materials must be locally available and affordable. Also, the unit cost must be affordable for primary care units in Thailand. Monofilament’s fabrication technique was developed and the accuracy test of monofilament force was performed and compared with the commercially available monofilament. Results: The specification of locally made disposable 10-gram Semmes-Weinstein monofilament was identified. The force of the monofilaments developed was in an acceptable range for a standard clinical practice and comparable to the commercially available monofilament. From the study, the effect of Thailand’s humidity conditions can deteriorate the performance of the monofilament. The investigators decided to use a disposable monofilament one to ensure its hygiene and accuracy. Conclusion: The local made disposable 10-gram Semmes-Weinstein monofilament was developed. The material is available and affordable for Thailand context. The accuracy of the monofilament’s force was measured by a calibrated testing apparatus. Availability, durability, and cost are important issues to be concerned for medical tools that have been recommended to use worldwide. The result from this study could be applied to other countries that have similar conditions as Thailand
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