Mise au point d'un modèle de simulation de la rouille brune du blé

Cette étude présente un modèle de simulation de la rouille brune du blé, dont l'agent pathogène, Puccinia recondita f sp tritici, est le principal parasite des parties aériennes du blé dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Le système mis en forme est un modèle déterministe, qui simule l'ensemble du cycle de l'agent pathogène. Il utilise des données climatiques trihoraires (température et humectation) pour simuler les différentes phases de l'évolution de la maladie et intègre certains paramètres d'ordre phénologique et agronomique. Le modèle a été validé sur plusieurs années. La comparaison des courbes d'évolution des pustules infectieuses réelles et simulées montre globalement que ce système permet aujourd'hui de simuler correctement l'évolution de l'agent pathogène. Ainsi, de par sa conception et son organisation, il pourra être utilisé en tant qu'indicateur de risques et contribuer à l'amélioration des avertissements agricoles, mais aussi en tant que modèle d'aide à la décision à la parcelle dans le cadre notamment du raisonnement des interventions fongicides et de l'interprétation des résultats d'expérimentations des produits phytosanitaires.A model of simulation of wheat leaf rust. Puccinia recondita f sp tritici is the most important disease of wheat in the south-west of France. The authors propose a model of simulation which is an indicator model of risk. It makes it possible to simulate the evolution of the wheat leaf rust (figs 1, 2). It uses climatic data to simulate various phases of the evolution of the disease; temperature and free moisture (fig 3) seem to be the main limiting factors in the infectious process for our regions. It also quantifies the stages of development of the fungus (figs 4, 5). This method has been tested for several years. A good correlation between the simulations of disease by the model and the field observations has been shown (fig 6). It can therefore be useful for fungicide trials as well as for diffusion of agricultural forecasts

Biofunctionalization of 3D-printed silicone implants with immunomodulatory hydrogels for controlling the innate immune response: an in vivo model of tracheal defect repair

International audienceThe recent advances in 3D-printed silicone (PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane) implants present prospects for personalized implants with highly accurate anatomical conformity. However, a potential adverse effect, such as granuloma formation due to immune reactions, still exists. One potential way to overcome this problem is to control the implant/host interface using immunomodulatory coatings. In this study, a new cytokine cocktail composed of interleukin-10 and prostaglandin-E2 was designed to decrease adverse immune reactions and promote tissue integration by fixing macrophages into M2 pro-healing phenotype for an extended period of time. In vitro, the cytokine cocktail maintained low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) secretions and induced the secretion of IL-10 and the upregulation of multifunctional scavenging and sorting receptor stabilin-1, expressed by M2 macrophages. This cocktail was then loaded in a gelatine-based hydrogel to develop an immunomodulatory material that could be used as a coating for medical devices. The efficacy of this coating was demonstrated in an in vivo rat model during the reconstruction of a tracheal defect by 3D-printed silicone implants. The coating was stable on the silicone implants for over 2 weeks, and the controlled release of the cocktail components was achieved for at least 14 days. In vivo, only 33% of the animals with bare silicone implants survived, whereas 100% of the animals survived with the implant equipped with the immunomodulatory hydrogel. The presence of the hydrogel and the cytokine cocktail diminished the thickness of the inflammatory tissue, the intensity of both acute and chronic inflammation, the overall fibroblastic reaction, the presence of oedema and the formation of fibrinoid (assessed by histology) and led to a 100% survival rate. At the systemic level, the presence of immunomodulatory hydrogels significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, CXCL1 and MCP-1 levels at day 7 and significantly decreased IL-1α, IL-1β, CXCL1 and MCP-1 levels at day 21. The ability of this new immunomodulatory hydrogel to control the level of inflammation once applied to a 3D-printed silicone implant has been demonstrated. Such thin coatings can be applied to any implants or scaffolds used in tissue engineering to diminish the initial immune response, improve the integration and functionality of these materials and decrease potential complications related to their presence

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma, low-grade salivary duct carcinoma, and mimickers: a comparative study

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently recognized low-grade salivary carcinoma characterized by a specific ETV6 rearrangement. We describe 14 new MASCs and examine their immunophenotypic and genetic profiles in the context of look-alikes, namely, low-and high-grade salivary duct carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. ETV6 rearrangement, and robust expression of mammaglobin and S100, were demonstrated in 11/11, 14/14, and 12/14 MASCs, respectively. All low-grade salivary duct carcinomas coexpressed S100/mammaglobin (6/6); none harbored ETV6 rearrangements (0/5). Given that S100/mammaglobin coexpression and absence of zymogen granules are features of both MASC and low-grade salivary duct carcinoma, these two are best distinguished histologically. The former is predominantly an extraductal neoplasm with bubbly pink cytoplasm, whereas the latter is a distinct intraductal micropapillary and cribriform process. Querying ETV6 gene status may be necessary for difficult cases. No acinic cell carcinoma expressed mammaglobin (0/13) or harbored an ETV6 rearrangement (0/7); only 1/13 acinic cell carcinomas weakly expressed S100. DOG1 expression was limited or absent among all tumor types, except acinic cell carcinoma which expressed DOG1 diffusely in a canalicular pattern. Therefore, histology and immunohistochemistry (mammaglobin, S100, DOG1) suffices in distinguishing acinic cell carcinoma from both MASC and low-grade salivary duct carcinoma. HER2 (ERBB2) amplification was detected in only 1/10 acinic cell carcinomas, but none of the MASCs or low-grade salivary duct carcinomas tested. High-grade salivary duct carcinomas frequently expressed mammaglobin (11/18) and harbored HER2 amplifications (13/15); none harbored ETV6 rearrangements (0/12). High-grade salivary duct carcinomas can easily be distinguished from these other entities by histology and HER2 amplification

How phenotype guides management of the most common malignant salivary neoplasms of the Larynx?

Salivary gland carcinomas of the larynx are uncommon. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is the most prevalent type of salivary gland carcinoma in this region, although other histologies such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenocarcinomas have been reported. These tumors may present with advanced-stage due to nonspecific symptoms and their relatively slow-growing nature. The index of suspicion for a non-squamous cell carcinoma entity should be high when a submucosal mass is present. An accurate diagnosis is mandatory due to the impact each biologic entity has on treatment and outcome. Data concerning treatment and outcome are scarce, but primary surgery with utmost focus on free surgical margins is the treatment of choice. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy has not been well defined, although there is an agreement that it should be considered in advanced-stage or high-grade disease. This review considers only the most common malignant salivary neoplasms of the larynx with a focus on clinical management of these tumors