Innovations in Electric Vehicle Technology: A Review of Emerging Trends and Their Potential Impacts on Transportation and Society

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant momentum in recent years, driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and achieve sustainable transportation. This study presents a comprehensive review of emerging trends in EV technology and their potential impacts on transportation and society. The study explores various areas of innovation in the field of EVs, including battery technology, wireless charging, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communication, lightweight materials, autonomous driving, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, circular economy approaches, advanced charging infrastructure, energy storage, and social and behavioral innovations. This study reveals that battery technology advancements are driving the adoption of EVs. Lithium-ion batteries have improved energy density, charging speed, and lifespan. Alternative battery technologies, like solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries, show promise for even higher energy density, faster charging, and increased safety. Wireless charging technology is emerging, with high-power and high-efficiency systems potentially addressing concerns about charging infrastructure and range anxiety. V2G communication allows EVs to serve as mobile energy storage units, contributing to grid stability, load balancing, and renewable energy integration. Lightweight materials, like advanced composites and lightweight metals, can significantly reduce the weight of EVs, improving energy efficiency and overall performance. Autonomous driving technologies have the potential to improve safety, reduce congestion, and optimize energy use. V2X communication enables a wide range of applications, like intelligent traffic management and enhanced safety features. Circular economy approaches, including designing EVs with recyclability and reusability in mind, using recycled materials in manufacturing, and developing end-of-life recycling and repurposing strategies, can minimize the environmental impact of EVs and contribute to their sustainability

Community detection in social networks

A social network is a social structure made up of actors(such as individuals or organizations) and the dyadic ties between them. It can be represented by a graph with nodes representing the individuals and edges representing the interactions between them. For example scientists co-authoring a paper, employees of a company working on a common project. A community is formed by individuals such that those within a group interact with each other more frequently than with those outside the group. Community detection problem refers to the problem of finding such groups in real world social networks. A number of methods to address this problem have been proposed, and Newman distinguishes these into two categories: bottom-up sociological approaches and top-down computer science approaches. Basically I will be concentrating on modularity based methods to detect communitites in a social network. Modularity is a property of the network that measures when the division is good, in the sense that there are many edges within the community and only a few between them. In modularity based algorithms, each node of the graph is considered as an individual community and the communities are joined iteratively based on the increase in modularity caused by their joining. the ones producing maximum change in modularity are joined. In order to detect overlapping communities I have used methods such as clique percolation and SLPA. Clique percolation is based on the assumption that a community consists of fully connected subgraphs and detects overlapping communities by searching for adjacent cliques. SLPA mimics human pairwise communication behavior

Configuration Validation of a Novel In-Space Propellant Storage and Transfer System

The concept of developing a new technology for on-orbit storage and refueling system has been a great interest among scientists for many decades. This study is about Centaur-based on-orbit propellant storage and transfer. This system takes the advantage of rotational settling to a simple fluid management (FM) system. Specifically, enabling settled fluid transfer and settled pressure control between two tanks. This thesis work focuses on configuration and validation of static and dynamic stability, mass gauging and CFD analysis of the rotational propellant transfer method in space. The application of this technology in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geo-Synchronous Orbit (GEO) would enable further extending the mission capabilities of modern day Commercial Launch Vehicles (CLV’S). Bulk Storage and handling of propellant liquids in space involves considerable technical challenge due to high vacuum and potential zero gravity environment. In order to raise the technology readiness level of this system, experimental study was conducted on (a) system dynamics, (b) mass gauging, (c) CFD analysis. The stability dynamics study showed the system to be stable about the minor axis with high rotational velocity. The mass gauging system was validated using experimental modal analysis. CFD analysis was used to analysis the fluid behavior during the transfer. These results provide a critical insight into the behavior and physical tendencies of the on-orbit refueling system

An Empirical Study of the Factors Influencing the Adoption of Electric Vehicles

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has become increasingly important in recent years due to concerns about climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The widespread adoption of EVs is critical to achieving global climate goals and reducing air pollution. Therefore, there is a need for empirical research to understand the factors that affect the adoption of EVs. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the factors affecting the adoption of EVs. The study used a sample of 425 individuals, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The independent variables in the study were Economic Factors, Technological Factors, Social Factors, and Regulatory Factors. All the variables were found to be significant in explaining the adoption of EVs. The results of the study show that Economic Factors were the most important factor affecting the adoption of EVs, followed by Technological Factors, Social Factors, and Regulatory Factors. The findings suggest that cost and financial incentives play a significant role in the decision to adopt EVs. Technological factors, such as the availability and performance of charging infrastructure and battery technology, also influence the adoption of EVs. Additionally, social factors, such as social norms and attitudes towards EVs, and regulatory factors, such as government policies and regulations, also affect the adoption of EVs. The study's findings have important implications for policymakers, industry leaders, and other stakeholders in the transportation sector. The results suggest that policies aimed at reducing the cost of EVs and providing financial incentives can encourage greater adoption of EVs. Additionally, efforts to improve charging infrastructure and battery technology can increase the attractiveness of EVs. Social and regulatory factors should also be considered in efforts to promote the adoption of EVs

A Review of Connected and Automated Vehicle Traffic Flow Models for Next-Generation Intelligent Transportation Systems

Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) technology is a rapidly developing field that is expected to transform the transportation industry. This study provides an overview of traffic flow models for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). The study explores the different levels of automation in CAVs and discuss the strengths and limitations of three categories of traffic flow models: microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic. The article highlights that while microscopic models provide a high level of detail and accuracy, they require significant data input and computational resources, making them difficult to scale up to large networks or regions. Mesoscopic models are more computationally efficient but still provide useful detail and can simulate traffic flow over a larger area than microscopic models. Macroscopic models, while most computationally efficient, may not capture the effects of specific traffic management strategies or provide the level of detail necessary to capture individual vehicle movements and driver behaviors. The study emphasizes the need to take into account other factors that can influence CAV traffic flow, such as human-driven vehicles, road infrastructure, and communication protocols. By providing insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, this article aims to facilitate the development of next-generation Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that effectively manage traffic flow and fully realize the potential of CAVs

Sustainable Transportation Planning: Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Urban Areas

Sustainable transportation is a crucial aspect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a more sustainable future. This study aimed to explore strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas through sustainable transportation planning. A comprehensive review of literature was conducted to identify effective strategies and policies that can be implemented to achieve this goal. The findings revealed that promoting the use of public transportation, non-motorized transportation, and electric vehicles can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. In addition, implementing a congestion charge and improving urban planning by promoting mixed-use development and walkability can also contribute to this goal. Furthermore, promoting telecommuting was found to be an effective strategy for reducing the need for car travel, which can in turn reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The study suggests that sustainable transportation planning requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the needs of all stakeholders, including government officials, transportation planners, businesses, and residents. The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers and transportation planners seeking to develop sustainable transportation plans that can contribute to a more sustainable future

Serial Communication using UART

A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is the microchip with programming that controls a computer's interface to its attached serial devices. Specifically, it provides the computer with the RS-232C Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) interface so that it can "talk" to and exchange data with modems and other serial devices. As part of this interface, the UART also: • Converts the bytes it receives from the computer along parallel circuits into a single serial bit stream for outbound transmission • On inbound transmission, converts the serial bit stream into the bytes that the computer handles • Adds a parity bit (if it's been selected) on outbound transmissions and checks the parity of incoming bytes (if selected) and discards the parity bit • Adds start and stop delineators on outbound and strips them from inbound transmissions • Handles interrupts from the keyboard and mouse (which are serial devices with special ports) • May handle other kinds of interrupt and device management that require coordinating the computer's speed of operation with device speed

A CASE REPORT ON AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA)

Kushtarog is classified in 2 types i.e., Mahakushta and Kshudrakushta. Vicharchika is described under Kshudrakushta. Vicharchika is the type of Kshudrakushta often encountered by Ayurvedic dermatologists characterized with symptoms, namely, Kandu, Srava, Pidaka and Shyava varna. Vicharchika is often correlated to eczema based on the clinical presentations. The modern science has greatly advanced, particularly in dermatology but there is no specific medication for sure cure of eczema but symptomatic treatments like steroids are used, but they produce serious side effects like nephrotoxicity, osteoporosis, skin cancer etc. Whereas Ayurveda treats from the root of eczema by cleansing vitiated Dosha and balancing the Dosha and Dhatus without any side effects. A 27 years old male patient approached the OPD with the chief complaints of blackish discoloration, itching, flaking, cracking and bleeding over the anterior side of b/l legs. All the complaints were from 8 months. The patient was given completely Ayurvedic treatment with Panchnimbadi vati, Haridra khand, Gandhak rasayan vati and Sukshma triphala vati, Panchnimbadi churna lepa and Jalaukavcharan and the results were remarkably seen and there was significant improvement in the symptoms. Hence this study was taken to prove that Ayurvedic management has remarkable results in Vicharchika (eczema). Observation and results were drawn on the basis of assessment criteria. Discussion was done on the basis of entire observations during research. Conclusion was drawn on the basis of result