Koostöö ja konkurents tööstuspärandil põhinevas turismis Ida-Virumaal

The Ida-Viru County in northeast Estonia possesses a range of tangible and intangible heritage from the 19th and 20th centuries. Especially noteworthy are the textile and oil shale industries as they have used vast amounts of resources and space for their production in the past one hundred years. The new century has witnessed the textile industry being closed down and in the wake of the European green transition, the oil shale industry is facing a significant reduction as well. For economic diversification purposes, Ida-Viru has begun to promote itself since 2017 as an adventure tourism region, combining its sandy beaches and vast forests and mires with post-industrial entertainment. Studies on a local and national scale have emphasised the potential of industrial heritage tourism in Ida-Viru County, which can only be realised in collaboration and through proper mapping, assessment and promotion of industrial heritage by relevant specialists in consultation with local stakeholders. At the same time, policy documents and strategies still rarely feature industrial heritage tourism. Rather, buildings and architecture have been referred to as cultural and historical heritage, and post-industrial landscapes have been considered as adventure tourism objects. This article examines the practical implications that the existing heritage-led initiatives are facing while working towards the reanimation of post-industrial spaces, with a special focus on large sites. Interviews conducted with the directors, CEOs and PR managers of such initiatives reveal that it is generally agreed that domestic tourism alone cannot support industrial tourism in Estonia and it is necessary to increase both regional thematic collaboration and develop international networks and visibility. However, the potential of industrial tourism is still often latent or in development, hindered by differences in the agendas and funding of the initiatives, lack of trust and interest in industrial tourism from investors and the active industry, community scepticism and hope for re-industrialisation – those are the issues which are here further exemplified and analysed

SustainBaltic. ICZM Plans for Sustaining Coastal and Marine Human-ecological Networks in the Baltic Region

The project involved partners: Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tallinn University, University of Turku, Finnish Environment Intitute, and Regional Council of SatakuntaSustainBaltic i.e. ICZM Plans for Sustaining Coastal and Marine Human-ecological Networks in the Baltic Region project is implemented for 27 months during 2016- 2018. SustainBaltic (CB354) is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the Central Baltic Programme 2014-2020. SustainBaltic is a joint cooperation project of University of Turku, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Finnish Environment Institute, Regional Council of Satakunta and Tallinn University. The project targets to improve the share of the managed coastal networks in the Central Baltic area by the cross-border preparation of the ICZM plans for total four case areas with their public assessment in Estonia and Finland. This was planned to achieve by 1) Integrating multidisciplinary human-ecological data on the whole project area: in Finland the regions of Satakunta and Southwest Finland and in Estonia the areas of Lääne, Harju and Lääne-Viru with their land-sea interfaces; 2) Selecting the themes of ICZMs and case study areas which locate along the coast of Lääne and Lääne-Viru in Estonia and in the region of Satakunta in Finland; 3) Making four digital ICZM plans which were first tested with the current regional land use of the project area; 4) Public assessing of the plans using both e-platforms and arranging working groups with the stakeholders and end-users directed by the project members; and 5) As the final results of SustainBaltic the updated completed ICZM plans can be downloaded from the websites of the partner organisations and at the http://www.utu.fi/ SustainBaltic, also beyond the project life span. In addition, the interim results and the other activity phases of the preparation of the first ICZM drafts are found at the https://blogit.utu.fi/sustainbaltic. This ICZM plan (hereinafter: the management plan) covers the Lääne-Viru case area, which extends from Käsmu to Kunda (see Figure 1). The management plan has a 10-year perspective, with the aim of outlining the current trends and the necessary activities. The management plan is a knowledge-based guidance document that combines various development strategies and can be used in the development of several plans, development plans, and strategic projects (see Figure 2). The management plan consists of two parts: a description of the situation and context based on values and challenges; and an operational part of the management plan that includes integrated activities and a scheme. The management plan is based on the maritime vision of Lääne-Viru county, which focuses on three main areas: a) ensuring the development of diverse maritime transport, ports, and maritime tourism, b) strengthening the viability of historic coastal villages and communities, c) using the natural resources of the marine and coastal zones sustainably. In this management plan, the socio-ecological networks of the sea and the land are determined and the suggestive activities are based on aspects of sustainable and balanced development. Sustainability means diverse cultural and economic activities that are integrated with environmental values and do not harm nature and natural resources in the long term. The management plan is primarily focused on the greater integration of traditional fields of activity and the opportunities for diversification, especially considering the possibilities of using the coastal sea and the land together, as well as the seasonal nature of many activities (recreational economy, coastal fishing). It is also important to integrate the fields of activity (combining activities) – coastal fishing and tourism, ports and sports camps, nature conservation, and entrepreneurship – as well as develop cooperation both within the areas of activity (ports, bathing spots, etc.) and between them. In the context of spatial planning in the European Union, the ICZM is formally considered separate from Marine Spatial Planning – MSP. The preparation of MSP is obligatory for Member States. The realisation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management, however, is up to the countries and local authorities themselves. Therefore, there is no explicitly accepted methodology for the management plan. Many people have contributed to the preparation of the management plan. A number of interviews and meetings with different stakeholders were conducted during the preparation of the plan and the steering group of the Lääne-Viru case area advised in drafting the plan. The people who prepared the management plan thank the steering group consisting of representatives of local authorities – Anneli Kivisaar (Haljala rural municipality), Ivar Lilleberg (formerly Vihula rural municipality), Mati Jõgi (formerly Lääne-Viru county government), and Marit Laast (Viru-Nigula rural municipality) –, Imbi Mets and Maret Vildak from the Environmental Board, and Jaan Kangur from the Ministry of Finance. Many thanks to Kristel Toom (Tallinn University) for the financial administration; to all Finnish colleagues, and project colleagues from Estonian University of Life Sciences working with Läänemaa ICZM case. We also thank all the interviewees, participants in public discussions, and respondents to the questionnaires.SustainBaltic is funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the Central Baltic Programme 2014–202

Comprehension of rapidly transforming landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe in the 20th century

The article presents landscapes as natural, historical, cultural, social and political phenom-ena, and above all as a meaningful part of the environment. We will argue – by giving a contextual framework of landscape changes followed by four case studies from Central and Eastern Europe – that comprehen-sion of landscapes has declined in the 20thcentury. Along with urbanization, globalization and other societal processes rapidly varying socio-economic formations have caused alienation: changes in power result in changes in a society's values and thus some landscape elements are disintegrating, fading or disappear-ing and, as a result, these landscapes are taking on new, altered or modified appearances, functions and meanings. Every change in landscape needs some time to become accepted but if this re-coding of what is regarded as valuable is constantly changing, people become confused, with resultant physical conse-quences: land abandonment; illegal dumping; ill fitting infrastructures; inappropriate housing developments; etc. The main question is whether modern development, e.g. tourism, enhances the relationship between people and the landscape

SustainBaltic. Rannikuala integreeritud korralduskava toetamaks rannikualade ja mere sotsiaal-ökoloogilisi võrgustikke Läänemere regioonis

SustainBaltic projekt, st Rannikuala integreeritud korralduskavad toetamaks rannikualade ja mere sotsiaal-ökoloogilisi võrgustikke Läänemere regioonis, teostati 27 kuu jooksul 2016-2018. SustainBaltic (CB354) on rahastatud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi (European Regional Development Fund – ERDF) Interregi Kesk-Läänemere Programmi 2014–2020 kaudu. SustainBaltic koostööprojektis osalesid Eesti Maaülikool, Tallinna Ülikool, Turu Ülikool, Soome Keskkonnainstituut ja Satakunta maakonnavalitsus. Projekti eesmärk on parandada rannikualade kavandamist Kesk-Läänemere piirkonnas rahvusvahelise koostöö käigus koostatud rannikualade integreeritud korralduskavade kaudu neljal testalal (kaks Soomes ja kaks Eestis). Seda teostati järgnevate tegevusetappide kaudu: 1) multidistiplinaarsete sotsiaal-ökoloogiliste andmete integreerimine projekti regionaalsete alade kohta (Eestis Läänemaa, Lääne-Viru ja Harjumaa); 2) rannikuala korralduskavade koostamiseks täpsemate testalade valimine; 3) korralduskavade koostamine ja esmane testimine; 4) korralduskavade avalik arutelu ja täiendamine kasutades mh e-platvormi; 5) SustainBaltic projektis valminud rannikualade korralduskavade muutmine alla laaditavateks projektiparterite Interneti-kodulehelt (http://pk.emu.ee/sustainbaltic) ja ka http://www.utu.fi/SustainBaltic peale projektiperioodi lõppu. Vahearuannete ja tegevusfaaside kohta leiab täiendavat infot https:// blogit.utu.fi/sustainbaltic. Käesolev korralduskava hõlmab Lääne- Viru testala, mis ulatub Käsmust Kundani (vt joonis 1). Korralduskava ajaline perspektiiv on kümme aastat, mille ulatuses püütakse käimasolevaid tendentse ja vajalikke tegevusi visandada. Korralduskava on teadmistepõhine ja soovituslik dokument, mis põimib erinevaid arengustrateegiad ning mida saab kasutada mitmete planeeringute, arengukavade ja strateegiliste projektide väljatöötamisel (vt joonis 2). Korralduskava koosneb kahest osast: a) väärtuste, kitsaskohtade ja võimaluste põhise konteksti kirjeldus ning b) korralduskava tegevuste osa, mis sisaldab integreeritud tegevusi ja skeemi. Korralduskava koostamisel on aluseks võetud Lääne-Viru maakonna mereala visioon, mis keskendub kolmele peamisele suunale: a) mitmekülgse meretranspordi, sadamate ja mereturismi arengu tagamine, b) ajalooliste rannakülade ja kogukondade elujõulisuse tugevdamine, c) mere- ja rannikuala loodusressurssi jätkusuutlik kasutamine. Korralduskava eesmärk on loodus- ja kultuuriväärtuste seostamine jätkusuutliku ja tasakaalustatud majandusliku arenguga rannikuvööndis, mis toob kokku rannikumere ja maismaaga seonduvad keskkonnad, protsessid ja praktikad. Korralduskava võimaldab mõtestada rannikuga seotud eluviiside ühisosa ökosüsteemide ja keskkonnamuutustega ning edendada osalusplaneerimise meetodeid. Korralduskavas põhineb mere ja maismaa vaheliste sotsiaal-ökoloogiliste võrgustike selgitamine ja soovituslike tegevuste formuleerimine jätkusuutliku ja tasakaalustatud arengu aspektidel. Kestlikkust käsitletakse kui mitmekesist kultuuri- ja majandustegevust, mis on integreeritud keskkonnaväärtustega ning ei kahjusta loodusressursse pikemas ajaperspektiivis. Jätkusuutlikkusel on laiemalt neli põimunud haru: keskkond, sotsiaalne õiglus (sh võrdsed võimalused kaasa rääkida), majandus, ja kultuur. Need aspektid mõjutavad piirkondade ja kogukondade võimet tulla toime (keskkonna) muudatustega ja leida kestvaid lahendusi. Ühiskondliku ja kultuurilise dimensiooni tugev põimimine kestliku tuleviku perspektiiviga võimaldab arvestada kohapealset konteksti, teadmisi ja praktikaid. Korralduskava on keskendunud eelkõige traditsiooniliste tegevusvaldkondade senisest suuremale integreerimise ja mitmekesistamise võimalustele, eriti arvestades rannikumerd ja maismaad ühendavaid kasutusviise ning sesoonsust (nt puhkemajanduses, rannakalanduses). Oluline on valdkondade integreerimine, st läbi koostöö ja planeerimise tegevuste seostamine (nt rannakalandus ja turism, sadamad ja spordilaagrid, looduskaitse ja ettevõtlus) nii valdkonnasiseselt kui ka valdkonnaüleselt. Euroopa Liidu ruumilise planeerimise kontekstis käsitletakse formaalselt rannikuala integreeritud korralduskava (Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM, edasises korralduskava) eraldiseisvana merealade (Marine Spatial Planning – MSP) planeerimisest. MSP koostamine on seatud liikmesriikidele kohustuseks, samas rannikuala integreeritud korralduskava realiseerimise üle otsustavad riigid ja kohalikud omavalitused ise. Seetõttu puudub korralduskava jaoks üheselt aktsepteeritud metoodika. Korralduskava koostamisse on andnud oma panuse paljud inimesed. Kava koostamisel viidi läbi mitmeid intervjuusid, kokkusaamisi erinevate huvigruppidega ning korralduskava koostamist nõustas Lääne-Viru testala juhtrühm. Korralduskava koostajad tänavad juhtrühma koosseisus: omavalitsuste esindajad – Anneli Kivisaar (Haljala vald), Ivar Lilleberg (endine Vihula vald), Mati Jõgi (endine Lääne-Viru maavalitsus) ja Marit Laast (Viru-Nigula vald); Keskkonnaametist Imbi Mets ja Maret Vildak ning Rahandusministeeriumist Jaan Kangur. Samuti täname kõiki intervjueeritavaid, kes olid nõus meile oma aega pühendama: Tiiu Pedaja (Eisma sadam), Andrus Aasmäe (Võsu sadam), Kersti Varik (Vergi sadam), Arvid Kilm ja Oleg Bikejev (Kunda Vabatahtlik Merepääste), Haivo Laulik (Käsmu Vabatahtlik Merepääste), Lya Mägi Maaeluministeeriumi kalamajandusosakonnast. Eriline tänu kuulub Marko Travele, kes oli nõus rääkima RMK uuematest arengutest ning edastama andmeid kõrgendatud avaliku huviga riigimetsade kohta ning Reili Soppele, kes korraldas mitmeid kokkusaamisi rannakaluritega, mis andis olulise sisendi korralduskavasse. Reimo Rivis nõustas testala rannatüüpide ja olemasoleva olukorra kirjeldamisel. Korralduskava avalikustamise eest oleme tänulikud Meeli Eelmaale Viru-Nigula Vallavalitsusest ja Ene Loole Karepalt. Aitäh Kristel Toomile (Tallinna Ülikool) finantsasjade administreerimise eest, ja projektiga seotud Soome parteritele ning ka Eesti Maaülikooli kolleegidele, kes tegelesid Läänemaa rannikualaga. Lisaks täname kõiki osalejaid avalikes aruteludes ja küsitlusele vastajaid.Projekti viivad läbi Eesti Maaülikool, Tallinna Ülikool, Turu Ülikool, Soome Keskkonnainstituut ja Satakunta maakonnavalitsusSustainBaltic on rahastatud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi Interregi Kesk-Läänemere Programmi 2014–2020 kaud

Landscape 100: How Finland, Estonia and Latvia Used Landscape in Celebrating their Centenary Anniversaries

In the aftermath of what was then the Great War several European countries like Finland, Estonia and Latvia gained independence, marking their centenary jubilees 2017–2018. This paper observes how landscapes were used in anniversary celebrations and what historical themes were foregrounded and which omitted, revealing how collective historical commemoration in landscape enacts within national identity framework depending also on how landscape is understood in each respective country.</p

Data integration and participatory process in developing integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the northern Baltic Sea

The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratifed (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the efective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the principal elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (2002/413/EC) into planning at the land-sea interface. There is a need to develop the ICZM approach throughout Europe to realise the potential for both socio-economic and environmental targets set by the EU and national legislations. In this study, we co-developed diferent approaches for land-sea interactions in four case areas in Estonia and Finland based on the defned characteristics and key interests derived from local or regional challenges by integrating spatial data on human activities and ecology. Furthermore, four ICZM drafts were co-evaluated by stakeholders and the public using online map-based assessment tools (public participatory GIS). The ICZM approaches of the Estonian cases ranged from the diversifcation of land use to the enhancement of community-based entrepreneurship. The Finnish cases aimed to defne the trends for sustainable marine and coastal tourism and introduce the ecosystem service concept in land use planning. During the project activities, we found that increased communication and exchange of local and regional views and values on the prevailing land-sea interactions were important for the entire process. Thereafter, the ICZM plans were applied to the MSP processes nationally, and they support the sustainable development of coastal areas in Estonia and Finland.</p

Data integration and participatory process in developing integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the northern Baltic Sea

The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratified (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the effective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the principal elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (2002/413/EC) into planning at the land-sea interface. There is a need to develop the ICZM approach throughout Europe to realise the potential for both socio-economic and environmental targets set by the EU and national legislations. In this study, we co-developed different approaches for land-sea interactions in four case areas in Estonia and Finland based on the defined characteristics and key interests derived from local or regional challenges by integrating spatial data on human activities and ecology. Furthermore, four ICZM drafts were co-evaluated by stakeholders and the public using online map-based assessment tools (public participatory GIS). The ICZM approaches of the Estonian cases ranged from the diversification of land use to the enhancement of community-based entrepreneurship. The Finnish cases aimed to define the trends for sustainable marine and coastal tourism and introduce the ecosystem service concept in land use planning. During the project activities, we found that increased communication and exchange of local and regional views and values on the prevailing land-sea interactions were important for the entire process. Thereafter, the ICZM plans were applied to the MSP processes nationally, and they support the sustainable development of coastal areas in Estonia and Finland

Intricacies of Moral Geographies of Land Restitution in Estonia

This article employs moral geographies in analysing the land restitution process and outcome. Moral geographies investigate how abstract values, deliberations and judgements are translated into everyday life and, consequently, to landscape. The dynamics of moral geographies are analysed by transdisciplinary research methods using mainly qualitative data, such as documents, media and literature, but also spatial and statistical data. Land restitution in Estonia had its start in 1991, instigated by the heat of national reawakening, aiming to reverse the past 50 years of Soviet &lsquo;wrongdoings&rsquo;. This task proved to be not so straightforward. The initial heydays got entangled not only in all subsequent matters of practicalities, but also with social and spatial justice. To date, land reform has been completed on 99% of Estonia&rsquo;s territory. For over 30 years, the land restitution has been shaped by global changes as well as local particularities and, in the process, moral ideas have been transformed. Thus, though landscape reflects moral categories and ideology, these two are interdependent: landscape can, in turn, mould moral ideals in certain ways

Intricacies of Moral Geographies of Land Restitution in Estonia

This article employs moral geographies in analysing the land restitution process and outcome. Moral geographies investigate how abstract values, deliberations and judgements are translated into everyday life and, consequently, to landscape. The dynamics of moral geographies are analysed by transdisciplinary research methods using mainly qualitative data, such as documents, media and literature, but also spatial and statistical data. Land restitution in Estonia had its start in 1991, instigated by the heat of national reawakening, aiming to reverse the past 50 years of Soviet ‘wrongdoings’. This task proved to be not so straightforward. The initial heydays got entangled not only in all subsequent matters of practicalities, but also with social and spatial justice. To date, land reform has been completed on 99% of Estonia’s territory. For over 30 years, the land restitution has been shaped by global changes as well as local particularities and, in the process, moral ideas have been transformed. Thus, though landscape reflects moral categories and ideology, these two are interdependent: landscape can, in turn, mould moral ideals in certain ways