Ontology Population via NLP Techniques in Risk Management

In this paper we propose an NLP-based method for Ontology Population from texts and apply it to semi automatic instantiate a Generic Knowledge Base (Generic Domain Ontology) in the risk management domain. The approach is semi-automatic and uses a domain expert intervention for validation. The proposed approach relies on a set of Instances Recognition Rules based on syntactic structures, and on the predicative power of verbs in the instantiation process. It is not domain dependent since it heavily relies on linguistic knowledge. A description of an experiment performed on a part of the ontology of the PRIMA project (supported by the European community) is given. A first validation of the method is done by populating this ontology with Chemical Fact Sheets from Environmental Protection Agency . The results of this experiment complete the paper and support the hypothesis that relying on the predicative power of verbs in the instantiation process improves the performance.Information Extraction, Instance Recognition Rules, Ontology Population, Risk Management, Semantic Analysis

How to Combine Text-Mining Methods to Validate Induced Verb-Object Relations?

International audienceThis paper describes methods using Natural Language Processing approaches to extract and validate induced syntactic relations (here restricted to the Verb-Object relation). These methods use a syntactic parser and a semantic closeness measure to extract such relations. Then, their validation is based on two different techniques: A Web Validation system on one part, then a Semantic-Vectorbased approach, and finally different combinations of both techniques in order to rank induced Verb-Object relations. The Semantic Vector approach is a Roget-based method which computes a syntactic relation as a vector. Web Validation uses a search engine to determine the relevance of a syntactic relation according to its popularity. An experimental protocol is set up to judge automatically the relevance of the sorted induced relations. We finally apply our approach on a French corpus of news by using ROC Curves to evaluate the results

Un espace de formation francophone dédié à l'apprentissage de l'informatique

National audienceL’introduction de l’enseignement de l’informatique au lycée va permettre aux prochaines générations de maîtriser et participer au développement du numérique. Le principal enjeu est alors la formation des enseignantes et des enseignants. Comment relever un tel défi ?D’abord en faisant communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique : depuis des semaines déjà en 2021 l’AEIF et le projet CAI contribuent à l’accueil et l’entraide de centaines de collègues en activité ou en formation, discutant de tous les sujets, partageant des ressources sur un forum dédié et des listes de discussions.Puis, depuis début 2022, en offrant deux formations en ligne :- Une formation aux fondamentaux de l’informatique, avec un ordre de grandeur de 200 heures de travail, avec les ressources de formation d’initiation et de perfectionnement. Plus qu’un simple "MOOC", ce sont les ressources d’une formation complète, et un accompagnement prévu pour permettre de bien les utiliser.- Une formation pour apprendre à enseigner… par la pratique, en co-préparant les activités pédagogiques des cours à venir, en partageant des pratiques didactiques et en prenant un recul pédagogique, y compris du point de vue de la pédagogie de l’égalité.Les personnes désireuses de se préparer au CAPES y trouveront aussi des conseils et des pistes de travail.Si vous n’avez pas envie d’être seul·e relativement à cet enseignement de l’informatique et être accompagné dans les trois ans qui viennent, passez nous voir ce jour-là

The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses

Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species’ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate ‘intactness scores’: the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region’s major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/ taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems

The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses

Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species’ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate ‘intactness scores’: the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region’s major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems

Les langues sacralisées ou la persistance du legs linguistique : le cas du syriaque (forme littéraire de l'araméen)

Prince Violaine. Les langues sacralisées ou la persistance du legs linguistique : le cas du syriaque (forme littéraire de l'araméen) . In: Langage et société, n°41, 1987. Contacts de langues : quels modèles. p. 89

Expertise naturelle, expertise artificielle, vers quels paradigmes cognitifs ?

Natural Expertise and Artificial Expertise : Towards which Cognitive Paradigms ? This article, which aim is to introduce this special issue dedicated to expertise and cogntive sciences, wishes to emphasize the fundamental differences in nature that exist between the expertise of human operators and the expertise which is realized in artificial systems. We have tried to present some specification of the "ideal" expertise properties, expertise which is registerable in logical systems based on production rules or conceptual models, and we have confronted it with elements of human expertise as it is observed by psychologists and ergonomists. Thus, this article attempted to explain the difficulties and the methodological choices that have dominated the constitution of artificial knowledge based systems by the divergence of these two notions.The assumption made is the following : the recognized gap affects all the stages of the life cycle of the artificial system. Therefore, this contribution has tried to study this cycle through the articles of this special issue authors, by showing that the whole set of works tends to develop the following leading thought : in order to "survive" the artificial systems must definitely be designed and used in a way utterly different from the way that have be theirs until now.Cet article, qui a pour objectif d'introduire ce numéro spécial dédié à l'expertise et aux sciences cognitives, souhaite mettre en avant les différences fondamentales de nature existant entre l'expertise des "opérateurs" humains et celle qui est réalisée dans les systèmes artificiels. A partir de l'explicitation des propriétés de l'expertise "idéale", inscriptible dans des systèmes logiques à base de règles de production ou de modèles sémantiques conceptuels, et en la confrontant avec des éléments de l'expertise humaine réelle, telle que la constatent psychologues et ergonomes, cet article tente d'expliquer les difficultés et les choix méthodologiques qui ont présidé à la constitution des systèmes artificiels à base de connaissances par les divergences profondes entre ces deux notions. L'hypothèse qui est faite est la suivante : ce clivage affecte toutes les étapes du cycle de vie du système artificiel. Dès lors, cette contribution s'est proposé d'étudier ce cycle au travers des articles des auteurs de ce numéro en montrant que l'ensemble des travaux dégage une certaine idée directrice : pour survivre, les systèmes artificiels doivent résolument être conçus et utilisés de manière radicalement différente de celle qui a été jusqu'alors prépondérante.Prince Violaine. Expertise naturelle, expertise artificielle, vers quels paradigmes cognitifs ?. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°12, 1991/2. Expertise et Sciences Cognitives. pp. 7-31