La modelización paramétrica de las distribuciones salariales

En este artículo se modeliza mediante modelos paramétricos la distribución salarial en España a partir de los microdatos de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial. La evidencia obtenida corrobora que, de forma similar a otros ámbitos de análisis en la literatura económica, estas técnicas de modelización son también apropiadas y útiles en el caso de las distribuciones salariales. Entre los principales hallazgos destaca asimismo el hecho de que la distribución beta generalizada de segunda especie es el modelo teórico que mejor se ajusta a la distribución salarial empírica de la economía española.In this article the wage distribution in Spain is modelled using parametric models and microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial. Our evidence corroborates that, as in other areas in the economic literature, these modelling techniques are also appropriate and useful in the case of wage distributions. An additional noteworthy finding is that the generalized beta distribution of the second kind is the theoretical model that better fits the empirical wage distribution of the Spanish economy.Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación procedente de los proyectos ECO2012-32178 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

The influence of macroeconomic factors on personal income distribution in developing countries: a parametric modelling approach

This article examines the influence of macroeconomic factors on personal income distribution in developing countries using a parametric modelling approach. The technique is based on the selection and estimation of a theoretical parametric model (a Dagum distribution) which fits accurately to the empirical income distributions of the countries examined. The parameters of the model specifically related to inequality are subsequently used as dependent variables in econometric models in order to examine the impact that certain macroeconomic variables (GDP growth, inflation, employment and real interest rates) have on inequality. The results reveal that GDP growth, employment rate and real interest rate are the macroeconomic factors with greater impact in shaping personal income distribution in developing countries.This study benefits from funding support of the projects CSO2011-29943-C03-02 of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte and ECO2012-32178 of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain and of the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales

Multidimensional measurement of precarious employment using hedonic weights: Evidence from Spain

This article examines the evolution of employment precariousness in Spain based on a new method of constructing multidimensional precarious measures. This methodology resembles the one proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007, 2011) for multidimensional poverty in the framework of the counting approach. The main novelty of the approach adopted resides in the use of hedonic weights derived from the subjective evaluation by employees for the selection of the different dimensions of jobs that make up multidimensional precariousness and the quantification of their relative influence. The evidence obtained reveals that the precariousness of employment created in Spain has intensified significantly in recent years and that the strong temporary nature of employment is the most salient component of this precariousness from a multidimensional perspective.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) and ERDF (European Union) under grant CSO2017‐86474‐R, by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grants CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P and ECO2016-77900-P and by the Autonomous Community of Madrid and European Commission (Project S2015/HUM-3416-DEPOPOR-CM)

A stochastic dominance approach to evaluating pro-poor growth—An application to the Spanish case

Producción CientíficaIn this paper, we analyze, in a novel way, the nature of economic growth in Spain after the Great Recession, in relation to its effect on poverty reduction. We use a statistical test to analyze the pro-poorness nature of economic growth using a stochastic dominance approach, not used in this context so far. We decompose changes in the difference in generalized Lorenz ordinates into a growth effect and an inequality effect and apply this to formal Spanish income data statistical tests based on dominance methods. We found that growth was pro-poor in Spain as a whole between 2013 and 2017. As regards regional growth effects, we conclude that growth was weakly pro-poor in seven of Spain’s 17 regions, it was neither pro-poor nor anti-poor in nine regions, and only weakly anti-poor in one region.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (project ECO2016-77900-P)Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes de Castilla-La Mancha (project SBPLY/19/180501/000132)Comunidad de Madrid (project H2019/HUM-5793-OPINBI

Sevoflurane causes less arrhythmias than desflurane after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a pilot study.

Background: Volatile anesthetics provide myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. Sevoflurane and desflurane are both efficient agents that allow immediate extubation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG). This study compared the incidence of arrhythmias after OPCABG with the two agents. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing OPCABG with immediate extubation and perioperative high thoracic analgesia were included in this controlled, double-blind study; anesthesia was either provided using 1 MAC of sevoflurane (SEVO-group) or desflurane (DES-group). Monitoring of perioperative arrhythmias was provided by continuous monitoring of the EKG up to 72 hours after surgery, and routine EKG monitoring once every day, until time of discharge. Patient data, perioperative arrhythmias, and myocardial protection (troponin I, CK, CK-MB-ratio, and transesophageal echocardiography examinations) were compared using t-test, Fisher′s exact test or two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements; P < 0.05. Results: Patient data and surgery-related data were similar between the two groups; all the patients were successfully extubated immediately after surgery, with similar emergence times. Supraventricular tachycardia occurred only in the DES-group (5 of 20 patients), atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the DES group versus SEVO-group, at five out of 20 versus one out of 20 patients, respectively. Myocardial protection was equally achieved in both groups. Discussion: Ultra-fast track anesthesia using sevoflurane seems more advantageous than desflurane for anesthesia, for OPCABG, as it is associated with significantly less atrial fibrillation or supraventricular arrhythmias after surgery

Convergencia regional de las distribuciones personales de la renta en España (1990-2003)

Generalmente, el análisis de la convergencia entre países o regiones se suele llevar a cabo comparando el valor medio de las distribuciones de determinadas variables, como el PIB o la renta disponible expresadas en términos per capita. Sin embargo, este tipo de estudios, directamente relacionado con el nivel de bienestar en una sociedad, ofrece una visión parcial del fenómeno de la convergencia, puesto que no tiene en cuenta las disparidades dentro de las regiones o países. La metodología empleada en este artículo permite complementar el enfoque tradicional, considerando simultáneamente aspectos relacionados con criterios tanto de eficiencia como de equidad en cada región. En concreto, se contrasta la dominancia estocástica de primer y segundo orden para analizar la convergencia de las Comunidades Autónomas con datos procedentes de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares de 1990-91 y de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida de 2004.convergencia, bienestar, dominancia estocástica

Identifying the multidimen-sional poor in developed countries using relative thresholds: An application to Spanish data

Producción CientíficaIn order to contribute to providing a methodology to ensure objectivity and transparency in the measurement of multidimensional poverty, this paper proposes a new threshold for the identification of the multidimensional poor which is also applicable to each of the dimensions of poverty, suitable for identifying the severely poor in developed countries. This new methodology is applied to analyse the evolution of material deprivation in Spain during the period of economic crisis, comparing the results with those obtained using other traditional approaches.Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad (Proyect ECO2014-56676-C2-2-P)Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad (Proyect ECO2012-32178)Comunidad de Madrid (proyect S2015/HUM-3416-DEPOPOR-CM

La pobreza en España desde una perspectiva multidimensional

Producción CientíficaEste artículo cuantifica el nivel de pobreza multidimensional en España y sus comunidades autónomas con los datos proporcionados por la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida de los años 2008 y 2011. Se utilizan diferentes medidas de pobreza a partir de la metodología del recuento y se presenta una propuesta para el establecimiento de líneas relativas de pobreza multidimensional. Los resultados del estudio reflejan un empeoramiento del nivel de pobreza multidimensional en España entre los años 2007 y 2010, así como un aumento en las medidas de pobreza calculadas tras la utilización de los umbrales relativos, tanto en el agregado nacional como en la mayor parte de sus comunidades autónomas, sin alterarse de forma notable la posición de las comunidades en las ordenaciones de pobreza. Este empeoramiento es provocado fundamentalmente por el deterioro de los indicadores relativos al mercado de trabajo.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (ECO2012-32178

A New Multidimensional Approach to Measuring Precarious Employment

This article proposes a new methodology to measure precarious employment with a multidimensional approach. The adjusted multidimensional precariousness rate employed to measure job precariousness is calculated on a counting approach and exhibit several advantages, including its decomposability according to the relative contribution to total precariousness of different dimensions and sub-populations. For illustrative purposes, the methodology is applied to the Spanish case using microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (Wage Structure Survey) and considering three precariousness dimensions of jobs (low wages, fixed-term contracts and part-time work). The evidence obtained shows that at the beginning of the economic crisis there was an increase in the incidence and intensity of precariousness for new jobs created in the Spanish economy. Moreover, obtained evidence shows that the incidence of precarious employment is particularly high in certain economic sectors and for females.This study has received funding from Spain’s Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P) and from Autonomous Community of Madrid and European Commission (Project S2015/HUM-3416-DEPOPOR-CM)