37,634 research outputs found
An annotated checklist of Wisconsin sap and short-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Kateretidae)
A survey of Wisconsin Nitidulidae and Kateretidae yielded 78 species through analysis of literature records, museum and private collections, and three years of field research (2000-2002). Twenty-seven species (35% of the Wisconsin fauna) represent new state records, having never been previously recorded from the state. Wisconsin distribution, along with relevant collecting techniques and natural history information, are summarized. The Wisconsin nitidulid and kateretid faunae are compared to reconstructed and updated faunal lists for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and south-central Canada. Literature and distributional records suggest at least 11 additional nitidulid species may occur in Wisconsin
New Slant on the EPR-Bell Experiment
The best case for thinking that quantum mechanics is nonlocal rests on Bell's
Theorem, and later results of the same kind. However, the correlations
characteristic of EPR-Bell (EPRB) experiments also arise in familiar cases
elsewhere in QM, where the two measurements involved are timelike rather than
spacelike separated; and in which the correlations are usually assumed to have
a local causal explanation, requiring no action-at-a-distance. It is
interesting to ask how this is possible, in the light of Bell's Theorem. We
investigate this question, and present two options. Either (i) the new cases
are nonlocal, too, in which case action-at-a-distance is more widespread in QM
than has previously been appreciated (and does not depend on entanglement, as
usually construed); or (ii) the means of avoiding action-at-a-distance in the
new cases extends in a natural way to EPRB, removing action-at-a-distance in
these cases, too. There is a third option, viz., that the new cases are
strongly disanalogous to EPRB. But this option requires an argument, so far
missing, that the physical world breaks the symmetries which otherwise support
the analogy. In the absence of such an argument, the orthodox combination of
views -- action-at-a-distance in EPRB, but local causality in its timelike
analogue -- is less well established than it is usually assumed to be.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures; extensively revised for resubmissio
Manufacturing Barriers to Biologics Competition and Innovation
As finding breakthrough small-molecule drugs gets harder, drug companies are increasingly turning to “large molecule” biologics. Although biologics represent many of the most promising new therapies for previously intractable diseases, they are extremely expensive. Moreover, the pathway for generic-type competition set up by Congress in 2010 is unlikely to yield significant cost savings.
In this Article, we provide a fresh diagnosis of, and prescription for, this major public policy problem. We argue that the key cause is pervasive trade secrecy in the complex area of biologics manufacturing. Under the current regime, this trade secrecy, combined with certain features of FDA regulation, not only creates high barriers to entry of indefinite duration but also undermines efforts to advance fundamental knowledge.
In sharp contrast, offering incentives for information disclosure to originator manufacturers would leverage the existing interaction of trade secrecy and the regulatory state in a positive direction. Although trade secrecy, particularly in complex areas like biologics manufacturing, often involves tacit knowledge that is difficult to codify and thus transfer, in this case regulatory requirements that originator manufacturers submit manufacturing details have already codified the relevant tacit knowledge. Incentivizing disclosure of these regulatory submissions would not only spur competition but it would provide a rich source of information upon which additional research, including fundamental research into the science of manufacturing, could build.
In addition to provide fresh diagnosis and prescription in the specific area of biologics, the Article contributes to more general scholarship on trade secrecy and tacit knowledge. Prior scholarship has neglected the extent to which regulation can turn tacit knowledge not only into codified knowledge but into precisely the type of codified knowledge that is most likely to be useful and accurate. The Article also draws a link to the literature on adaptive regulation, arguing that greater regulatory flexibility is necessary and that more fundamental knowledge should spur flexibility.
A vastly shortened version of the central argument that manufacturing trade secrecy hampers biosimilar development was published at 348 Science 188 (2015), available online
What Students Tell Us About School If We Ask
This article examines what school climate factors students perceive as helping them be successful in school, and what school administrators can do to aid the process. Specifically, the questions that drove this inquiry were How does sociocultural theory impact student voice and student engagement in the classroom? How does caring pedagogy impact student voice and student engagement in the classroom? What school climate factors do students perceive as helping them to be successful in school
Evidence for accretion rate change during type I X-ray bursts
The standard approach for time-resolved X-ray spectral analysis of
thermonuclear bursts involves subtraction of the pre-burst emission as
background. This approach implicitly assumes that the persistent flux remains
constant throughout the burst. We reanalyzed 332 photospheric radius expansion
bursts observed from 40 sources by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, introducing
a multiplicative factor to the persistent emission contribution in our
spectral fits. We found that for the majority of spectra the best-fit value of
is significantly greater than 1, suggesting that the persistent emission
typically increases during a burst. Elevated values were not found solely
during the radius expansion interval of the burst, but were also measured in
the cooling tail. The modified model results in a lower average value of the
fit statistic, indicating superior spectral fits, but not yet to the
level of formal statistical consistency for all the spectra.
We interpret the elevated values as an increase of the mass accretion
rate onto the neutron star during the burst, likely arising from the effects of
Poynting-Robertson drag on the disk material. We measured an inverse
correlation of with the persistent flux, consistent with theoretical
models of the disc response. We suggest that this modified approach may provide
more accurate burst spectral parameters, as well as offering a probe of the
accretion disk structure.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 4 table
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