Bingkai Media di Masa PRA Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia (Studi Framing Pemberitaan Covid-19 di Portal Berita dan Akun Youtube Tribunnews Edisi Maret 2020)

Covid-19 menjadi suatu masalah kesehatan baru yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumya. Informasi mengenai isu kesehatan tersebut menjadi penting terutama di pra-pandemi untuk mengantisipasi menyebarnya wabah. Media sebagai sumber informasi utama memiliki peranan yang penting dalam penyampaian pesan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bingkai media youtube dan portal berita tribunnews dalam pemberitaan awal covid-19 di Indonesia selama bulan Maret 2020. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis framing dari Robert Entman, melalui empat fungsi bingkai yaitu mendefinisikan sebuah masalah, memperkirakan sumber masalah, membuat keputusan moral, dan menekankan penyelesaian masalah. Terdapat 104 pemberitaan yang diteliti, 73 dari portal berita dan 31 dari akun youtube. Pemilihan pemberitaan melalui teknik purposive sampling Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam pemberitaan covid-19 di Indonesia menunjukkan informasi yang dinamis. Meskipun pemberitaan disajikan melalui dua platform yang berbeda yaitu portal berita dan youtube, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan isi informasi yang signifikan. Peneliti membagi pemberitaan menjadi tiga periode, periode pertama pada tanggal 1-10 Maret 2020 yang menunjukkan bingkai ketenangan dan membangun semangat dalam menghadapi pandemi, periode kedua 11-20 Maret bingkai covid-19 dirubah menjadi suatu ancaman dan resiko yang perlu diwaspadai, periode ketiga yakni 21-31 bingkai covid-19 menampilkan kewaspadaan dan ketakutan karena menunjukkan aspek korban, penurunan ekonomi dan berbagai ancaman lainnya

Immunoactivation and immunopathogeny during active visceral leishmaniasis Imunoativação e imunopatogenia durante leishmaniose visceral ativa

Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex. During active disease in humans, high levels of IFN-&#947; and TNF-&#945; detected in blood serum, and high expression of IFN-&#947; mRNA in samples of the lymphoid organs suggest that the immune system is highly activated. However, studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells have found immunosuppression specific to Leishmania antigens; this poor immune response probably results from Leishmania antigen-engaged lymphocytes being trapped in the lymphoid organs. To allow the parasites to multiply, deactivating cytokines IL-10 and TGF-&#946; may be acting on macrophages as well as anti-Leishmania antibodies that opsonize amastigotes and induce IL-10 production in macrophages. These high activation and deactivation processes are likely to occur mainly in the spleen and liver and can be confirmed through the examination of organ samples. However, an analysis of sequential data from studies of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters suggests that factors outside of the immune system are responsible for the early inactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which occurs before the expression of deactivating cytokines. In active visceral leishmaniasis, the immune system actively participates in non-lymphoid organ lesioning. While current views only consider immunocomplex deposition, macrophages, T cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins by diverse mechanism also play important roles in the pathogenesis.<br>A leishmaniose visceral é causada por protozoários do gênero do complexo Leishmania donovani. Durante a doença ativa no homem são detectados altos níveis de IFN-&#947; e de TNF-&#945; no soro, e elevada expressão de mRNA de IFN-&#947; em amostras de órgãos linfóides sugerindo um estado intensamente ativado do sistema imunológico. A visão atual, no entanto, refere-se à imunossupressão específica aos antígenos de Leishmania com base em estudos utilizando células mononucleares do sangue periférico; a explicação para sua resposta deficiente seria provavelmente porque os linfócitos compometidos com antígeno de Leishmania são sequestrados nos órgãos linfóides. Para permitir a proliferação do parasito, citocinas desativadoras IL-10 e TGF-&#946; atuariam nos macrófagos, bem como os anticorpos anti-Leishmania opsonizando amastigotas e induzindo a produção IL-10 pelos macrófagos. Estes processos de intensa ativação e desativação provavelmente ocorreriam no baço e fígado, principalmente, e confirmados com amostras de órgãos. No entanto, analisando dados seqüenciais obtidos na leishmaniose visceral no hamster, sugere-se provável presença de fatores fora do sistema imunológico como responsável pela inativação inicial de sintase induzível do óxido nítrico que ocorre antes da expressão de citocinas desativadoras. Na leishmaniose visceral ativa o sistema imunológico participa ativamente na lesão de órgãos não linfóides. Contrária à visão existente que considera somente mecanismos de deposição de imunocomplexos, observa-se na patogenia a participação de macrófagos, células T, citocinas e imunoglobulinas por mecanismo alternativo

Emociones y juventudes desde la perspectiva sociocultural

Este volumen reúne once capítulos, organizados en tres ejes analíticos, que se centran en las aportaciones de la perspectiva de los estudios socioculturales de las emociones, dedicada a la investigación de la vida y experiencias de hombres y mujeres jóvenes, cuyas estructuras sociales y culturales heterogéneas posibilitan la densificación en el análisis social de esta población en México.ITESO. A.C