A CONCEPTUAL APPRAISAL OF VIRECHANA KARMA

Panchakarma is getting global attention nowadays and Virechana is one among its procedures which is actively used by the Ayurvedic fraternity. Four different types of Virechana namely Anulomana, Sramsana, Bhedana and Rechana are mentioned in our classics but they are not apprised properly for their clinical utility. The Brihattrayis give ample illustrations of their use without highlighting the underlying rationale. Sarangdhara Samhita defines each of this therapeutics without indicating the disease conditions. This paper tries to understand the specific clinical utility of the four types of Rechana by tracing back their indications in scriptures. Anulomana is a mild form of Virechana where the Paka of Malas occur. Sramsana is a mild form of Virechana which does not cause Paka of Malas. Bhedana does not cause Paka of Malas but it is a strong type of Virechana. Rechana also does not cause Paka of mala but the strength of the procedure can be modulated by the use of different types of drugs. The selection of the type of Rechana depends on the pharmaco-therapeutic action necessary to harmonise the Dosa, Dhatu and Mala without causing any further complication or Upadrava

Simulation of an Inverter-Based Dg System by Using Voltage Control of DC Link for Islanding Detection

This paper presents a novel strategy for islanding detection of distributed generation (DG). During islanding condition the main idea of this paper is to change the dc-link voltage considering the PCC voltage changes. A simple islanding detection scheme has been designed based on this idea. The proposed method has been studied under multiple-DG operation modes and the UL 1741 islanding tests. The simulations results are carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The proposed method is capable of detecting islanding accurately within the minimum standard time and it has a small non detection zone as simulated in the pape

Secular Trends in Menarcheal Age in India-Evidence from the Indian Human Development Survey

Background: Evidence from a number of countries in Europe and North America point towards the secular declining trend in menarcheal age with considerable spatial variations over the past two centuries. Similar trends were reported in several developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, data corroborating any secular trend in the menarcheal age of the Indian population remained sparse and inadequately verified. Methods: We examined secular trends, regional heterogeneity and association of socioeconomic, anthropometric and contextual factors with menarcheal age among ever-married women (15–49 years) in India. Using the pseudo cohort data approach, we fit multiple linear regression models to estimate secular trends in menarcheal age of 91394 ever-married women using the Indian Human Development Survey. Results: The mean age at menarche among Indian women was 13.76 years (95 % CI: 13.75, 13.77) in 2005. It declined by three months from 13.83 years (95% CI: 13.81, 13.85) among women born prior to 1955–1964, to nearly 13.62 years (95% CI: 13.58, 13.67) among women born during late 1985–1989. However, these aggregate national figures mask extensive spatial heterogeneity as mean age at menarche varied from 15.0 years in Himachal Pradesh during 1955–1964 (95% CI: 14.89–15.11) to about 12.1 years in Assam (95% CI: 11.63–12.56) during 1985–1989. Conclusion: The regression analysis established a reduction of nearly one month per decade, suggesting a secular decline in age at menarche among Indian women. Notably, the menarcheal age was significantly associated with the area of residence, geographic region, linguistic groups, educational attainment, wealth status, caste and religious affiliations among Indian women

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF HEPATITIS-C DRUGS - DACLATASVIR AND SOFOSBUVIR IN ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT FORM

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitativeestimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form.Methods: The developed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir isbased on measurement of absorption at a wavelength maximum (λmax) of 317 and 261 nm using methanol as solvent.Results: The method was validated in terms of specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method wasfound to be linear in the range of 50-150% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 43-143% for Sofosbuvir. The percentage recovery values were in therange of 99.4-100.6% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 99.7-100.6% for Sofosbuvir at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation forprecision and intermediate precision results were found to be <2%. The correlation coefficient value observed for Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drugsubstances was not <0.99, 0.99, respectively. Results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is quantified for theestimation of Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drug substances.Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis, and also suitable for stability analysis ofDaclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in API form as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, Method development, Validation, Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

Cobalt Superoxo and Alkylperoxo Complexes Derived from Reaction of Ring-Cleaving Dioxygenase Models with O\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e

The syntheses and O2 reactivities of active-site models of cobalt-substituted ring-cleaving dioxygenases are presented. The pentacoordinate cobalt(II)-aminophenolate complex, [Co(TpMe2)(tBu2APH)], gives rise to two distinct dioxygen adducts at reduced temperatures. The first is a paramagnetic (S = 1/2) cobalt(III)-superoxo species that was characterized with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The identity of the second Co/O2 adduct was elucidated by X-ray crystallography, which revealed an unprecedented cobalt(III)-alkylperoxo structure generated by O2 addition to the metal ion and ligand. These results provide synthetic precedents for proposed intermediates in the catalytic cycles of O2-activating cobalt enzymes

STABILITY INDICATING REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LABETALOL AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible stability indicating reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms.Methods: The chromatographic separation of labetalol and its degradation products in tablets was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18(100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (v/v) in 1000 ml of water and 0.1% TFA (v/v) in 1000 ml of acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1) by linear gradient program. Flow rate was 1.0 mL min with a column temperature of 35°C, and detection wavelength was carried outat 230 nm. Known impurity is well resolved from the main active drug within 14 minutes run time.−1Results: The forced degradation studies were performed on labetalol tablets under acidic, basic, oxidation, thermal, humidity, and photolyticconditions. No degradation products were observed from the forced degradation studies, and the known impurity is well resolved from the mainactive drug. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, androbustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of LOQ to 120% for all the known and unknown impurities.The LOD and LOQ values of known impurity were found between 0.3593 and 0.7187 µg mL, and the percentage recovery values were in the rangeof 95.5-105.2% at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision results were found to be <5%.The correlation coefficient found for all compounds was not <0.99. The results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developedmethod is a stability indicating method.−1Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis and also suitable for stability analysis ofthe simultaneous determination of labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Labetalol, Development, Validation, Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A DISSOLUTION METHOD FOR FROVATRIPTAN TABLETS BY REVERSED PHASE UPLC

Objective: The main objective of the method was to develop a simple, rapid, efficient and reproducible, stability indicating reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method for the estimation of frovatriptan in tablet dosage form.Methods: The RP-UPLC method for estimation of frovatriptan (FRT) in their tablets was carried out on Acquity UPLCTM, BEH C-18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using 0.1% trifluroacetic acid buffer and a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (50:50) using isocratic program. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.2 mL min-1and detection wavelength was carried out at 244 nm. Total runtime is 3 minutes for chromatographic run. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines.Results: The method was found to be linear in the range of 1.41-3.67 μg mL-1. Recovery was found to be in the range of 97.8-101.8%. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision was found to be less than 3%. The developed method was successfully applied for the estimation of frovatriptan in tablet formulation and average dissolution rate was found to be 93%. The results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is suitable for routine analysis.Conclusion: The developed RP-UPLC method was simple, rapid, accurate, and precise for the estimation of dissolution rate in frovatriptan tablet dosage form.Â

A review on the genus Calophyllum (Clusiaceae): a potential medicinal tree species

Calophyllum is the genus of evergreen tropical flowering plants in the Clusiaceae family. They are predominantly located in Asia with some of its genus distributed in the Pacific Islands, Americas, Australasia and Africa. Plants of the genus are well known for their chemical properties with lots of secondary metabolites such as triterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins and xanthones. Compounds from Calophyllum have been reported to have cytoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-secretory, cytotoxic, antinociceptive, molluscicidal and antimicrobial properties. Some of the plants in Calophyllum are used in folk medicine to treat conditions like peptic ulcers, tumours, inflammation, infections and pain. Calophyllum genus is important with respect to their ecological as well as their medicinal properties. But in India, some species located in Western Ghats are in vulnerable stage. Even so, there is no remarkable studies carried out about this genus. So, for a sustainable environment, we should focus on the conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of the genus that makes huge differences in their population. This article reviews the genus Calophyllum of Western Ghats as a potential medicinal tree species

Predictors of angiographic restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents

Background: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is now widely accepted as a nonsurgical revascularization procedure for selected patients with CAD. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a frequent complication after PCI which limits its long-term efficacy. Identification of those clinical and angiographic characteristics that may predict the risk of restenosis is extremely important to eliminate restenosis. In this context we conducted this study to assess the profile of patients with drug eluting stents - ISR with an emphasis on demographic characteristics, risk factors, mode of presentation and coronary angiographic characterization.Methods: This study was a Case control study based on the catheterization registry of all patients who have undergone PCI with DES during the period from October 2012 to April 2015. All patients who have undergone PCI with DES and repeat coronary angiogram for evaluation of symptoms and detected to have ISR during same period were taken as case and age matched patients who had previously undergone PCI with DES and repeat coronary angiogram for evaluation of symptoms between 1/10/2012 to 30/4/2015 and detected to have fully patent stents were taken as control.Results: A total of 26 patients were detected to have ISR during the study period as per the study protocol with equal number of age matched controls. The most common presentation of ISR was as chronic stable angina (70%). Binary logistic regression analysis of 6 factors namely diabetes, hypertension, lesion type, stent diameter, stent length and stent overlap found significant in univariate analysis, showed only the lesion type to be statistically significant with p value of 0.023.Conclusions: Patients who have undergone PCI with DES particularly for complex lesions, diabetics with longer stents, lesser diameter stents and overlapping stents need to be meticulously followed up to rule out the possibility of restenosis, as in a small number of patients the presentation could be ACS with comparatively bad prognosis