High-Speed Electronic Memories and Memory Subsystems

Memories have played a vital role in embedded system architectures over the years. A need for high-speed memory to be embedded with state-of-the-art embedded system to improve its performance is essential. This chapter focuses on the development of high-speed memories. The traditional static random access memory (SRAM) is first analyzed with its different variant in terms of static noise margin (SNM); these cells occupy a larger area as compared to dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell, and hence, a comprehensive analysis of DRAM cell is then carried out in terms of power consumption, read and write access time, and retention time. A faster new design of P-3T1D DRAM cell is proposed which has about 50% faster reading time as compared to the traditional three-transistor DRAM cell. A complete layout of the structure is drawn along with its implementation in a practical 16-bit memory subsystem

A category theoretic formalism for abstract interpretation

technical reportWe present a formal theory of abstract interpretation based on a new category theoretic formalism. This formalism allows one to derive a collecting semantics which preserves continuity of lifted functions and for which the lifting functon is itself continuous. The theory of abstract interpretation is then presented as an approximation of this collecting semantics. The use of categories rather than compete partial orders eliminates the need for introducing two distinct partial orders and for introducing any closure operation on the allowable elements, as is necessary with powerdomains. Furthermore, our construction can be applied to any situation for which the underlying domains are complete partial orders, since the domains are not further restricted in any way. This formalism can be applied to first order languages

Abstract interpretation and indeterminacy

Journal ArticleWe present a semantic theory that allows us to discuss the semantics of indeterminate operators in a dataflow network. The assumption is made that the language in which the indeterminate operators are written has a construct that allows for the testing of availability of data on input lines. We then show that indeterminacy arises through the use of such an operator together with the fact that communication channels produce unpredictable delays in the transmission of data. Our scheme is to use special tokens called hiatons to obtain ordinary streams. This filtering process produces indeterminate behavior at the level of ordinary streams. We indicate how this can be justified using the formalism of abstract interpretation. We show that a particular fairness anomaly does not arise

Dynamic system identification and sensor linearization using neural network techniques

Many techniques have been proposed for the identification of unknown system. The scope of the parameter approximation or estimation and system identification is growing day by day. Lots of research has been done in this field but it can be still considered as an open field for researchers. The overall field of system identification is day by day growing in the field of research and lots of methods are coming time to time. This research presents a number of results, examples and applications of parameter identification techniques. Different Methods are introduced here with less and more complexities. For System Identification some of Neural Network techniques are studied. Least mean square technique is used for the final calculations of simulation results. Simulations are done with the help of Matlab programming. Some Neural Network Techniques have been proposed here are multilayered neural Network, Functional link Layer Neural network Technique. Mainly Disadvantage of basic system identification techniques is that it use the back propagation techniques for the weight updating purpose which have a lots of computation complexity. A single layer Artificial Neural Network has been studied which is known as Functional Link Artificial Neural Network (FLANN). In such type of System Identification technique hidden layers are wipe out by functional expansion of input pattern. The prominent advantage of such type of network is that the computation complexity is much less than complexity of the multilayered neural network. In the field Control and Instrumentation there are some characteristics which are desirable for the sensors

SWASTi-CME: A physics-based model to study CME evolution and its interaction with Solar Wind

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are primary drivers of space weather and studying their evolution in the inner heliosphere is vital to prepare for a timely response. Solar wind streams, acting as background, influence their propagation in the heliosphere and associated geomagnetic storm activity. This study introduces SWASTi-CME, a newly developed MHD-based CME model integrated into the Space Weather Adaptive SimulaTion (SWASTi) framework. It incorporates a non-magnetized elliptic cone and a magnetized flux rope CME model. To validate the model's performance with in-situ observation at L1, two Carrington rotations were chosen: one during solar maxima with multiple CMEs, and one during solar minima with a single CME. The study also presents a quantitative analysis of CME-solar wind interaction using this model. To account for ambient solar wind effects, two scenarios of different complexity in solar wind conditions were established. The results indicate that ambient conditions can significantly impact some of the CME properties in the inner heliosphere. We found that the drag force on the CME front exhibits a variable nature, resulting in asymmetric deformation of the CME leading edge. Additionally, the study reveals that the impact on the distribution of CME internal pressure primarily occurs during the initial stage, while the CME density distribution is affected throughout its propagation. Moreover, regardless of the ambient conditions, it was observed that after a certain propagation time (t), the CME volume follows a non-fractal power-law expansion ($\propto t^{3.03-3.33}$) due to the attainment of a balanced state with ambient.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Novel mutation predicted to disrupt SGOL1 protein function

Cell cycle alterations are the major cause of cancers in human. The proper segregation of sister chromatids during the cell division process defines the fate of daughter cells which is efficiently maintained by various proteomic complexes and signaling cascades. Shugosin (SGOL1) is one among those proteins which are required for phosphatise 2A protein (PP2A) localization to centromeres during division. This localization actively manages the adherence of sister chromatids at the centromeric region until the checkpoint signals are received. Wide evidences of SGOL1 genomic variants have been studied for their correlation with chromosomal instability and chromatid segregation errors. Here we used computational methods to prioritize the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism’s (SNP’s) capable of disrupting the normal functionality of SGOL1 protein. L54Q, a mutation predicted as deleterious in this study was found to be located in N-terminal coiled coil domain which is effectively involved in the proper localization of PP2A to centromere. We further examined the effect of this mutation over the translational efficiency of the SGOL1 coding gene. Our analysis revealed major structural consequences of mutation over folding conformation of the 3rd exon. Further we carried molecular dynamic simulations to unravel the structural variations induced by this mutation in SGOL1 N-terminal coiled coil domain. Root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), H-Bond scores further supported our result. The result obtained in our study will provide a landmark to future research in understanding genotype-phenotype association of damaging non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in several other centromere proteins as done in SGOL1 and will be helpful to forecast their role in chromosomal instabilities and solid tumor formation.Keywords: SGOL1; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Gromacs; PhD-SNP; SIFT; Polyphen; MutPredThe Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics (2013) 14, 149–15