Inhibitory activities of Thai medicinal plants against herpes simplex type 1, poliovirus type 1, and measles virus

Forty-eight ethanol- and 43 water-extracts of 49 traditional Thai medicines were evaluated for antiviral activities by a plaque reduction assay. For preliminary characterization of the mode of their antiviral action, poliovirus type 1, measles virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that are different in nucleic acid component and enveloped structure were used in this study. Fifty-two, 28 and 29 extracts exhibited inhibitory activities against poliovirus, measles virus and HSV-1, respectively. Of 29 extracts with anti-HSV-1 activities, the inhibitory activities of Rhinacanthus nasutus (leaf), Terminalia citrina (fruit) and Thevetia peruviana (leaf) were observed in both ethanol and water extracts. The ethanol extracts of Derris scandens (leaf) and Plumbago indica (leaf) and the water extract of Capsicum frutescens (fruit) were active against only HSV-1, suggesting the mechanism of their antiviral action likely unique to HSV-1 but neither poliovirus nor measles virus. Contrarily, 26 extracts displayed inhibitory activities against poliovirus and/or measles virus. These findings suggest that the 29 extracts from traditional Thai medicines are potential candidates for anti-HSV agents. 49種のタイ伝統薬物から作製した48のエタノールエキス,43の水エキスに対する抗ウイルス活性をプラーク減少法で検索した。本研究では,核酸やエンベロープ構造の異なるポリオウイルス1型,麻疹ウイルス,単純ヘルペスウイルス1型に対して検討を行なった。その結果ポリオウイルス1型に対しては52種,麻疹ウイルスには28種,単純ヘルペスウイルス1型には29種のエキスが阻害活性を示した。単純ヘルペス1型に有効であった29種の中では,Rhinacanthus nasutus(葉),Terminalia citrina(果実),Thevetia peruviana(葉)はエタノール,水の両エキスで阻害作用を示した。Derris scandens(葉),Plumbago indica(葉)およびCapsicum frutescens(果実)のエタノールエキスは単純ヘルペスウイルス1型にのみ活性があった。このことはポリオウイルスや麻疹ウイルスには無効で,単純ヘルペス1型のみに特異的に有効であることを示唆している。一方,26種のエキスはポリオウイルスあるいは麻疹ウイルス,また両方に有効であった。これらの結果はタイ伝統薬物からの29のエキスが抗ヘルペス剤として有力な候補となることを示している

Effects of a novel rice-based diabetes-specific formula on postprandial glucose and gastrointestinal hormones: a double-blinded multi-arm randomized crossover trial

IntroductionWe developed a novel rice-based medical food for diabetes (MFDM) powder formula, using locally available ingredients in Thailand, which can potentially improve patient access to diabetes-specific formula (DSF) by reducing cost and improving availability.PurposeThe goals of our studies were to 1) measure the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of the MFDM powder formula in healthy individuals, and 2) assess postprandial glucose, insulin, satiety, hunger, and gastrointestinal (GI) hormone responses in adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes after consuming MFDM in comparison with a commercially available standard formula (SF) and a DSF.MethodsIn Study 1, glycemic responses were assessed using the area under the curve (AUC), which was used to calculate GI and GL. Study 2 was a double-blinded multi-arm randomized crossover trial enrolling participants with either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes of ≤6 years. At each study visit, participants consumed either MFDM, SF, or DSF which contained 25 g of carbohydrates. Hunger and satiety were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Glucose, insulin, and GI hormones were assessed using AUC.ResultsAll participants tolerated the MFDM well with no adverse events. In Study 1, the measured GI was 39 ± 6 (low GI) and GL was 11 ± 2 (medium GL). In Study 2, glucose and insulin responses were significantly lower after MFDM compared with SF (p-value<0.01 for both), however, those responses were similar between MFDM and DSF. MFDM suppressed hunger, promoted satiety, stimulated active GLP-1, GIP, and PYY, and suppressed active ghrelin although these changes were similar to SF and DSF.ConclusionsMFDM had a low GI and a low-to-medium GL. In people with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes, MFDM elicited reduced glucose and insulin responses when compared with SF. Rice-based MFDM may be an option for patients who are at risk for postprandial hyperglycemia.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210731001, identifier TCTR20210731001; https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210730007, identifier TCTR20210730007

Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Undernutrition in a Geriatric Outpatient Setting: Results from a Multidimensional Nutritional Assessment

Objective: To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with undernutrition in older patients in a geriatric outpatient setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study in people aged 65 years or older was conducted at a geriatric outpatient clinic in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutritional status was assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score. Demographic data, activities of daily living, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), anthropometric measurements, complete blood count, and serum albumin were recorded in every subject. Body composition analysis was measured by bioelectrical analysis (BIA) at the same visit. Results: Three hundred and twenty-four adults (63% women) with a mean age of 77.5 years (SD 6.8 years) were enrolled. Prevalence of undernutrition, at-risk of undernutrition, and well-nourished were 8.3%, 35.5%, and 56.2%, respectively. In univariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with increased risk of undernutrition (defined by MNA <24) were dependency in carrying out instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) or basic activities of daily living (BADL), dementia, depression, low education, cerebrovascular disease, polypharmacy, female, multiple co-morbidities, and increasing age. In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender, depression, cerebrovascular disease, and dementia were significantly associated with risk of undernutrition. Conclusion: Although older patients in our study had higher socio economic status than general population, the prevalence of undernutrition in our geriatric clinic was high. Factors significantly associated with undernutrition in mour study were depression, cerebrovascular disease, and dementia. Early recognition and intervention are essential for effective undernutrition prevention

Exercise as an intervention for first-episode psychosis: a feasibility study

Exercise can improve psychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and physical health in schizophrenia. However, the effects in early psychosis have not been explored. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an exercise intervention for early psychosis and to determine if it was associated with changes in physical and mental health. Methods: Thirty-one patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) were recruited from early intervention services to a 10-week exercise intervention. The intervention group received individualized training programmes, aiming to achieve ≥90 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity each week, using exercise programmes tailored to individual preferences and needs. A comparison FEP sample from the same services (n = 7) received treatment as usual. Results: Rates of consent and retention in the exercise group were 94% and 81%, respectively. Participants achieved an average of 107 min of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores reduced by 13.3 points after 10 weeks of exercise, which was significantly greater than the treatment as usual comparison group (P = 0.010). The greatest differences were observed in negative symptoms, which reduced by 33% in the intervention group (P = 0.013). Significant improvements were also observed in psychosocial functioning and verbal short-term memory. Increases in cardiovascular fitness and processing speed were positively associated with the amounts of exercise achieved by participants. Conclusion: Individualized exercise training could provide a feasible treatment option for improving symptomatic, neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes in FEP

Metabolism and toxicity of paracetamol in isolated rat and mouse hepatocytes / by Pornpen Pramyothin

Typescript (photocopy)v, 94 leaves, [49] leaves of ill. : ill. ; 30 cm.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 198