Residual stress development and evolution in two-phase crystalline material: a discrete dislocation study

Crystalline materials undergo heterogeneous deformation upon the application of external load, which results in the development of incompatible elastic strains in the material as soon as the load is removed. The presence of heterogeneous distribution of elastic strains in the absence of any form of external load results in the building up of stresses referred to as residual stresses. The heterogeneity of strain is attributed either to the presence of multiple phases or to the orientation gradients across the sample volume. This paper is an endeavour to model the presence of second phase in a two-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics framework, which already contains constitutive rules to include three-dimensional mechanisms, such as line tension and dynamic junction formation. The model is used to investigate residual stress development in single crystals subjected to plane strain loading and then subsequently unloaded to study residual stresses. The dislocation accumulation around the second phase and its effect on the mechanical properties is studied. The orientation dependence of residual stresses as a function of the underlying defect substructure has also been explored. A variety of results are obtained. In particular, the development of stresses as a function of underlying defect substructure is also presented and found to depend upon the orientation of the crystal

Shear Viscosities from the Chapman-Enskog and the Relaxation Time Approaches

The interpretation of the measured elliptic and higher order collective flows in heavy-ion collisions in terms of viscous hydrodynamics depends sensitively on the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density. Here we perform a quantitative comparison between the results of shear viscosities from the Chapman-Enskog and relaxation time methods for selected test cases with specified elastic differential cross sections: (i) The non-relativistic, relativistic and ultra-relativistic hard sphere gas with angle and energy independent differential cross section (ii) The Maxwell gas, (iii) chiral pions and (iv) massive pions for which the differential elastic cross section is taken from experiments. Our quantitative results reveal that (i) the extent of agreement (or disagreement) depends sensitively on the energy dependence of the differential cross sections employed, and (ii) stress the need to perform quantum molecular dynamical (URQMD) simulations that employ Green-Kubo techniques with similar cross sections to validate the codes employed and to test the accuracy of other methods.Comment: To be submitted to PR

Kaon Zero-Point Fluctuations in Neutron Star Matter

We investigate the contribution of zero-point motion, arising from fluctuations in kaon modes, to the ground state properties of neutron star matter containing a Bose condensate of kaons. The zero-point energy is derived via the thermodynamic partition function, by integrating out fluctuations for an arbitrary value of the condensate field. It is shown that the vacuum counterterms of the chiral Lagrangian ensure the cancellation of divergences dependent on $\mu$, the charge chemical potential, which may be regarded as an external vector potential. The total grand potential, consisting of the tree-level potential, the zero-point contribution, and the counterterm potential, is extremized to yield a locally charge neutral, beta-equilibrated and minimum energy ground state. In some regions of parameter space we encounter the well-known problem of a complex effective potential. Where the potential is real and solutions can be obtained, the contributions from fluctuations are found to be small in comparison with tree-level contributions.Comment: 40 pages RevTeX, 3 epsf figure

The Equation of State of Neutron-Star Matter in Strong Magnetic Fields

We study the effects of very strong magnetic fields on the equation of state (EOS) in multicomponent, interacting matter by developing a covariant description for the inclusion of the anomalous magnetic moments of nucleons. For the description of neutron star matter, we employ a field-theoretical approach which permits the study of several models which differ in their behavior at high density. Effects of Landau quantization in ultra-strong magnetic fields ($B>10^{14}$ Gauss) lead to a reduction in the electron chemical potential and a substantial increase in the proton fraction. We find the generic result for $B>10^{18}$ Gauss that the softening of the EOS caused by Landau quantization is overwhelmed by stiffening due to the incorporation of the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleons. In addition, the neutrons become completely spin polarized. The inclusion of ultra-strong magnetic fields leads to a dramatic increase in the proton fraction, with consequences for the direct Urca process and neutron star cooling. The magnetization of the matter never appears to become very large, as the value of $|H/B|$ never deviates from unity by more than a few percent. Our findings have implications for the structure of neutron stars in the presence of large frozen-in magnetic fields.Comment: 40 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Real Time Correlators in Hot (2+1)d QCD

We use dimensional reduction techniques to relate real time finite T correlation functions in (2+1) dimensional QCD to bound state parameters in a generalized 't Hooft model with an infinite number of heavy quark and adjoint scalar fields. While static susceptibilities and correlation functions of the DeTar type can be calculated using only the light (static) gluonic modes, the dynamical correlators require the inclusion of the heavy modes. In particular we demonstrate that the leading T perturbative result can be understood in terms of the bound states of the 2d model and that consistency requires bound state trajectories composed of both quarks and adjoint scalars. We also propose a non-perturbative expression for the dynamical DeTar correlators at small spatial momenta.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, uses axodra

Enabling Personalized Composition and Adaptive Provisioning of Web Services

The proliferation of interconnected computing devices is fostering the emergence of environments where Web services made available to mobile users are a commodity. Unfortunately, inherent limitations of mobile devices still hinder the seamless access to Web services, and their use in supporting complex user activities. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a distributed, adaptive, and context-aware framework for personalized service composition and provisioning adapted to mobile users. Users specify their preferences by annotating existing process templates, leading to personalized service-based processes. To cater for the possibility of low bandwidth communication channels and frequent disconnections, an execution model is proposed whereby the responsibility of orchestrating personalized processes is spread across the participating services and user agents. In addition, the execution model is adaptive in the sense that the runtime environment is able to detect exceptions and react to them according to a set of rules

Strange nuclear matter within Brueckner-Hartree-Fock Theory

We have developed a formalism for microscopic Brueckner-type calculations of dense nuclear matter that includes all types of baryon-baryon interactions and allows to treat any asymmetry on the fractions of the different species (n, p, $\Lambda$, $\Sigma^0$, $\Sigma^+$, $\Sigma^-$, $\Xi^-$ and $\Xi^0$). We present results for the different single-particle potentials focussing on situations that can be relevant in future microscopic studies of beta-stable neutron star matter with strangeness. We find the both the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interactions play a non-negligible role in determining the chemical potentials of the different species.Comment: 36 pages, LateX, includes 8 PostScript figures, (submitted to PRC