Very Large Scale Integration Cell Based Path Extractor For Physical To Layout Mapping In Fault Isolation Work

Debug and diagnosis in post-silicon challenges the technological advancement in Physical-to-Layout Mapping capabilities. Areas that require such innovation are fault isolation work in failure analysis of semiconductor devices, at post-silicon stage. Since fault isolation work begins at Register Transfer Level (RTL) level to form a suspected boundary consisting of multiple logics from one end to the other, layout to schematic mapping automation tool helps to identify fault in design within given boundary. Therefore the development of a path extractor program which is capable of extracting all possible paths from these start to end signals can save engineers time in tracing components involved between a fault line. This feature is extremely significant in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) as it can provide results of net name sequences stored in a database of mapper files. These mapper files can be used in layout design debug as the net sequence represents schematic signals. To be able to retrieve all possible signals involved within a suspected boundary is a popular search computational problem. Therefore the path extractor program proposed incorporates the characteristics of a depth-first search algorithm by considering the specifications of a cell-based design. The objectives achieved in this research are proven reliable with path extraction results consistent even with search depth manipulation. Performance differs an average of 12.6 % (iteration count) with keeping maximum allowable depth of search constant. Paths of net sequences were consistent throughout the verification of the path extractor program. This development and study of the path extract method carries significance in areas of EDA and debug diagnosis work

Tigers on the mind: an interrogation of conflict diasporas and long distance nationalism. A study of the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in London

In contrast to orthodox presentations of 'long distance nationalism' as an abstract politics without accountability or responsibility by theorists like Benedict Anderson, I argue that it is essential in the case of conflict diasporas to conceptualize the nature of diaspora support for homeland insurgencies as a contingent product of lived experience, perception, culture and history. Based on qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork, including an analysis of in-depth personal narratives from within the London Tamil diaspora, I attempt to describe the (trans) formative effects of violence, loss and displacement. I contend that the resulting viewpoints and aspirations carry the imprint of the de-territorialised ‘imagining’ of relationships, belonging and moral community which define the content of long distance nationalism. Using inter-disciplinary ideas from a range of theorists including Arjun Appadurai, I focus on a ‘process of becoming’ by which a specific transnational consciousness is engendered. The idea that conflict diaspora identity is defined by a complex interplay between a contextual and subjective understanding of political discourse; as well as the intellectual, moral, psychological and existential experience of being in diaspora is developed and held up against the current literature. Rather than seeing such displaced communities through the prism of a society in conflict in a distant homeland, I argue that we should consider how conflict has produced a particular epistemology of diasporic space and identity. I conclude by arguing that diaspora identity has its roots not only in a distant homeland but also in the hearts, minds and imagination of diaspora Tamils, where the complex obligations of being human in a time of conflict, override that of being a citizen, physically emplaced within a particular territory. I contend that such a perspective is both essential and yet often overlooked when seeking to interrogate the content of long distance nationalism in the dominant literature

Determination of Fatigue Limit of Coir/CNT/Fly Ash Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Matrix Composite

In the quest of new material development, polymer matrix composite plays prominent role. Instead of reinforcing synthetic material in the polymer composite, an attempt is made in this work to reinforce green/recyclable/reusable materials in the polymer composite. Composite specimens are made with epoxy as matrix and coir/CNT/fly ash as reinforcements. The influences of wt.% of coir/CNT/fly ash on fatigue behavior of composite are determined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach is followed in specimen preparation and testing. ANOVA is used to find the influences of different parameters such as wt.% of coir/CNT/fly ash on fatigue behavior of composite. Optimized levels of parameters are also found out

Studies on the pearl oyster population in pearl oyster grounds off Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar

Details of the inspection of pearl oyster grounds and pearl oyster collection (mainly Pinctada fucata) for the period from 1977 to 1986 are presented In this paper. The favourable season for diving operations in this area normally sets in from October and in May in the subsequent year. During 1977-1986 forty four pearl banks or Paars' in the Gulf of Manner were inspected. A record number of 4,42 321 P. fucata were collected during the year 1985-1986, followed by 3,19,718 in 1984-1985 and 2,10,955 in 1981-1982. In 1981-1982 Utti paar supported the collections mainly by contributing 94.28% of the total oysters gathered. During 1984-1985 Devi paar (24.68%), Fernando paar (20.93%), Cruxian paar (24.10%) and Kara! paar (29.39%) together contributed 9810% of the total collections. In 1985-1986 season' from Cruxian paar alone, 94.34% of the P. fucata were collected SCUBA-diving was effectively employed along with skin diving during 1984-1985 and 1985-1986 seasons

Anti-virulence potential of eugenol-rich fraction of Syzygium aromaticum against multidrug resistant uropathogens isolated from catheterized patients

Objective: Considering the emergence of biofilm-associated pathogens with multidrug resistance, the objective(s) of the present study was to evaluate the anti-virulence property of Syzygium aromaticum extracts/fractions against 2 multidrug-resistant catheter isolates. Materials and Methods: Pulverized clove buds were subjected to bioactivity-guided isolation to identify the bioactive extract/fraction(s) with significant anti-virulence property. The clove bud powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction and all these extracts were investigated in terms of anti-virulent efficacy using initial readout assays. Bioassay-guided partial purification was performed through column and size exclusion chromatography. Detailed testing of the anti-virulence and anti-biofilm activity of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) levels of the active fraction, was performed besides the cytotoxicity profiling in RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the clove bioactive fraction-2 (CBF-2), done after the bioassay-guided fractionation, revealed eugenol as the major bioactive ingredient present in CBF-2. Reduced mRNA levels of virulence factor genes after CBF-2 (700 μg/ml) treatment correlated well with the respective phenotypic assays (

Multiplex PCR assay to detect high risk lineages of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A

Enteric fever infections remain a significant public health issue, with up to 20 million infections per year. Increasing rates of antibiotic resistant strains have rendered many first-line antibiotics potentially ineffective. Genotype 4.3.1 (H58) is the main circulating lineage of S. Typhi in many South Asian countries and is associated with high levels of antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid strains has increased the need for a rapid molecular test to identify and track these high-risk lineages for surveillance and vaccine prioritisation. Current methods require samples to be cultured for several days, followed by DNA extraction and sequencing to determine the specific lineage. We designed and evaluated the performance of a new multiplex PCR assay, targeting S. Paratyphi A as well as the H58 and XDR lineages of S. Typhi on a collection of bacterial strains. Our assay was 100% specific for the identification of lineage specific S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, when tested with a mix of non-Typhi Salmonella and non-Salmonella strains. With additional testing on clinical and environmental samples, this assay will allow rapid lineage level detection of typhoid of clinical significance, at a significantly lower cost to whole-genome sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a SNP-based multiplex PCR assay for the detection of lineage specific serovars of Salmonella Typhi

A floristic study on herbs and climbing plants at Puducherry, South India: an approach to biodiversity conservation and regeneration through eco-restoration

A qualitative floristic exploration with life form classifications and monitoring of flowering and fruiting phenology has been carried out at a restored site near Puducherry, South India in 2009 and 2010. The species were classified into three categories based on their occurrence status, namely, Naturally Occurring, Naturally Regenerated and Introduced. The present study focuses only on two life forms, the Herbaceous and the Climbing plants. The site selected for eco-restoration originally comprised of an eroded and severely degraded landscape with scattered remnant species. However, active human intervention over a thirty year period included the introduction of appropriate plant species and other physical measures to enhance soil fertility and ground water level, and regenerate and conserve the deteriorating typical Tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) vegetation. A large number of naturally ccurring herbaceous, climbing species (172) and a consistent number of naturally regenerated species (44) are now observed as a result of eco-restoration. Lowland herbaceous species have also established themselves as a green cover at ground level. At present, parts of the area have fertile soils and rich floristic composition with the herbaceous life form represented by 165 species encompassed in 105 genera and 37 families, and the climbing plants represented by 68 species belonging to 54 genera and 25 families. ‘Genus to family’ and ‘species to genus’ ratios indicate the establishment of diverse vegetation in the study site. Nearly one third of the species have been observed flowering throughout the year and about half of the species were observed fruiting throughout the year. We emphasize that the two fold approach of land and vegetation reclamation has been very effective in helping restore the unique TDEF vegetation at the local level and the same may be extended to help regenerate and conserve the Coromandel Coastal vegetation at the regional scale

Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the first observation of Neisseria meningitidis sequence type 6928 in India

Neisseria meningitidis is one of the leading global causes of bacterial meningitis. Here, we discuss the draft genome sequences of two N. meningitidis strains, isolated from bloodstream infections in two pediatric patients at a tertiary care hospital in South India. The sequence data indicate that strains VB13856 and VB15548 encode genomes of ~2.09 Mb in size with no plasmids

Spatiotemporal persistence of multiple, diverse clades and toxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the development of a toxin-based vaccine in the 1930s has allowed a high level of control over the disease, cases have increased in recent years. Here, we describe the genomic variation of 502 C. diphtheriae isolates across 16 countries and territories over 122 years. We generate a core gene phylogeny and determine the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and variation within the tox gene of 291 tox+ isolates. Numerous, highly diverse clusters of C. diphtheriae are observed across the phylogeny, each containing isolates from multiple countries, regions and time of isolation. The number of antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as the breadth of antibiotic resistance, is substantially greater in the last decade than ever before. We identified and analysed 18 tox gene variants, with mutations estimated to be of medium to high structural impact