Disturbance, succession and stability: a ten year study of temporal variation of species composition after a catastrophic flood in the river Paraná, Argentina

The River Paraná is the second largest river of South America and its flood plain is covered by different kinds of forests and herbaceous vegetation. It is subject to an annual pulse of flooding; floods larger than the normal annual ones at irregular periods of few year and catastrophic extraordinary floods few times in a century. The last catastrophic flood was in 1983, followed by a short lived high flood in 1992. The catastrophic flood destroyed almost completely the herbaceous vegetation. Our hypotheses are, on the one hand, that the plant communities of this area will be restored rapidly, and on the other, that there will be a succession process which will produce a shift of communities so that, those on the higher part of the elevation gradient will encroach the ones at its lower part. We analyse, by means of the floristic composition, the effect of disturbance induced by catastrophic floods on the vegetation stability and dynamic processes, in an internal depression and pond of the riparian plant communities in an island of the River Paraná valley. The results strongly support the first hypothesis

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

J. WILCKE: Møntvæsenet under Christian IV og Frederik III i Tidsrummet 1625—1670. 318 S. Numismatisk Forenings Forlag, Kjøbenhavn 1924. I Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad.

[No abstract available

South American Colubrid Envenomations

Most snakebites in South America are caused by pitvipers (Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis spp.) and coral snakes (Micrurus spp.), with less serious accidents caused by colubrids. Rear-fanged species are responsible for most colubrid envenomations, the principal genera involved being Clelia, Helicops, Liophis, Philodryas, Tachymenis, and Thamnodynastes. The hands, feet and upper and lower limbs are bitten most frequently. Most envenomations are mild, involving mainly local pain, edema and ecchymosis. Systemic envenomation (altered whole blood clotting time, systemic bleeding, shock, and renal failure) is rare and only one fatality suspected to have been caused by a colubrid (P. olfersii in Brazil) has been recorded. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, and recovery is generally uneventful, with no sequelae. The similarity between the local effects of envenomations by colubrids and those produced by South American lanceheads (Bothrops spp.) has resulted in bothropic antivenom being administered in several cases, but there is little conclusive evidence that antivenom enhanced the patients' condition. Together, these findings indicate that envenomations by South American colubrids are considerably less serious than those reported for certain African and Asian colubrids (Boiga, Dispholidus, Rhabdophis and Thelotornis spp.). However, the limited number of species involved in human envenomations to date compared to the large number of South American colubrids currently recognized suggests the need for caution in generalizing about the potential seriousness of bites by species not yet implicated in such accidents.211-2117158Dowling, H.G., Highton, R., Maha, G.C., Maxson, L.R., Biochemical evaluation of colubrid snake phylogeny (1983) J. 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Parasitol., 49, pp. 69-70Thomas, R.A., Fernandes, R., The systematic status of Platyinion levidum Amaral, 1923 (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae) (1996) Herpetologica, 52, pp. 271-275Assakura, M.T., Salomão, M.G., Puorto, G., Mandelbaum, F.R., Hemorrhagic, fibrinogenolytic and edema-forming activities of the venom of the colubrid snake Philodryas olfersii (green snake) (1992) Toxicon, 30, pp. 427-438Assakura, M.T., Reichl, A.P., Mandelbaum, F.R., Isolation and characterization of five fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes from the venom of Philodryas olfersii (green snake) (1994) Toxicon, 32, pp. 819-831Prado-Franceschi, J., Hyslop, S., Cogo, J.C., Andrade, A.L., Assakura, M.T., Reichl, A.P., Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Rodrigues-Simioni, L., Characterization of a myotoxin from the Duvernoy's gland secretion of the xenodontine colubrid Philodryas olfersii (green snake): Effects on striated muscle and the neuromuscular junction (1998) Toxicon, 36, pp. 1407-1421Bucaretchi, F., Reinaldo, C.R.D., Hyslop, S., Madureira, P.R., De Capitani, E.M., Vieira, R.J., A clinico-epi

Repetitive Muscle Responses Induced By Crotamine

The sustained contractions of the dog tibialis anterior muscle and the rat gastrocnemius which may appear after a tetanus or twitch or spontaneously in crotamine injected animals are associated with the discharge of high frequency and small amplitude potentials. They are, therefore, asynchronous tetanic contractions. These potentials are similar to those observed in myotonia. The potentiated maximal twitch observed in crotamine injected dogs is actually a brief tetanus. © 1979.1716167Bacq, Goffart, Utilisation des ions K dans la recherche de la contracture musculaire après travail et de l'épuisement de la réponse a l'excitant (effect Lundsgaard) (1940) C. r. Seanc. Soc. Biol., 133, p. 694Bacq, Goffart, Effet Lundsgaard produit par les vésicants sur le muscle de grenouille (1940) C. r. Seanc. Soc. Biol., 133, p. 696Barrio, Vital Brazil, Neuromuscular action of the Crotalus terrificus terrificus (Laur.) poisons (1951) Acta Physiol. latinoam., 1, p. 291Brown, Harvey, Congenital myotonia in the goat (1939) Brain, 62, p. 341Bryant, Morales-Aguilera, Chloride conductance in normal and myotonic muscle fibres and the action of monocarboxylic aromatic acids (1971) J. Physiol., Lond., 219, p. 367Cheymol, Goncalves, Bourillet, Roch-Arveiller, Action neuromusculaire comparée de la crotamine et du venin de Crotalus durissus terrificus var. crotaminicus—I. Sur préparations neuromusculaires in situ (1971) Toxicon, 9, p. 279Cheymol, Goncalves, Bourillet, Roch-Arveiller, Action neuromusculaire comparée de la crotamine et du venin de Crotalus durissus terrificus var. crotaminicus—II. Sur préparations isolées (1971) Toxicon, 9, p. 287Creutzfeld, Abbott, Fowler, Pearson, Muscle membrane potentials in Episodic Adynamia (1963) Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 15, p. 508Eyzaguire, Folk, Zierler, Lilienthal, Jr., Experimental myotonia and repetitive phenomena: the veratrinic effects of 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetate (2,4-D) in the rat (1948) Am. J. Physiol., 155, p. 69Frank, Effect of veratrine on muscle fibre membrane and on negative after-potential (1958) J Neurophysiol, 21, p. 263Goncalves, Vieira, Estudos sobre venenos de serpentes brasileiras—I. Análise eletroforética (1950) Anais Acad. bras. Cienc., 22, p. 141Harvey, The action of quinine on skeletal muscle (1939) J Physiol, 95, p. 45Hofmann, Alston, Rowe, A study of individual neuromuscular junctions in myotonia (1966) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 21, p. 521Kolb, Congenital myotonia in goats. Description of the disease. The effect of quinine, various cinchona derivatives, other alkaloids and salts upon the myotonic symptom (1938) Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 63, p. 221Lammers, Ritchie, The action of quinine and quinidine on the contractions of striated muscle (1955) J Physiol, 129, p. 412Lipicky, Bryant, Salmon, Cable parameters, sodium, potassium, chloride and water content and potassium efflux in isolated external intercostal muscle of normal volunteers and patients with Myotonia Congenita (1971) J. clin. Invest., 50, p. 2091Lipicky, Bryant, Ion content, potassium efflux and cable properties of myotonic, human, external-intercostal muscle (1971) Trans. Am. neurol. Ass., 96, p. 34Moussatché, Vieira, Sôbre o Mechanismo de Contratura Produzida pelo Veneno de Cascavel (Crotalus terrificus terrificus) (1953) Anais Acad. bras. Cienc., 25, p. 249Moussatché, Goncalves, Vieira, Hasson, Pharmacological actions of two proteins from Brazilian rattlesnake venom (1956) Venoms, p. 275. , E.E. Buckley, N. Porges, A.A.A.S, WashingtonPellegrini Filho, Vital Brazil, Fontana, Laure, The action of crotamine on skeletal muscle: an electrophysiological study (1978) Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, pp. 375-382. , P. Rosenberg, Pergamon Press, LondonRudel, Senges, Mammalian skeletal muscle reduced chloride conductance in drug-induced myotonia and induction of myotonia by low-chloride solution (1972) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 274, p. 337Vital Brazil, Pharmacology of crystalline crotoxin—II. Neuromuscular blocking action (1966) Mems Inst. Butantan, Simp. Internac., 33 (3), p. 981Vital Brazil, Neurotoxins from the South American rattlesnake venom (1972) J. Formsan med. Ass., 71, p. 294Weil, Tables for convenient calculation of median effective dose (LD50 or ED50) and instructions in their use (1952) Biometrics, 8, p. 249Winer, Martt, Somers, Wolcott, Dale, Burns, Induced myotonia in man and goat (1965) J. Lab. clin. Med., 66, p. 75

Lipoxygenase-derived Mediators May Be Involved In In Vivo Neutrophil Migration Induced By Bothrops Erythromelas And Bothrops Alternatus Venoms.

Bothrops erythromelas (BEV) and B. alternatus (BAV) venoms induced a dose-dependent neutrophil migration when injected into rat peritoneal cavities (20-160 micrograms/cavity). These venoms (80 micrograms/rat) also induced neutrophil migration in the air pouch model of inflammation. This migratory response seemed to be related to the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of the venoms. BAV had approximately two times more PLA2 activity than BEV, and the neutrophil migration induced by the former venom was two to three-fold greater than that observed with the latter. Heated (90 degrees C for 5 min) BEV lost about 50% of its PLA2 activity and this was accompanied by a corresponding loss in the ability to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), an indirect inhibitor of PLA2 activity, also abolished the neutrophil migration induced by both venoms. Since NDGA (100 mg/kg, s.c.) and dexamethasone, but not indomethacin (2 mg/kg, s.c.), strongly reduced the neutrophil migration induced by both bothropic venoms, it is suggested that arachidonate-derived lipoxygenase metabolites such as leukotriene B4 act as the chemotactic mediators. Macrophages could be the main cellular source of such metabolites since they are the predominant resident cells in the rat air pouch, and the migratory response of BEV and BAV into peritoneal cavities was potentiated in rats pretreated with thioglycollate. The neutrophil migration induced by BEV and BAV was not due to endotoxin contamination since heated BEV showed no effect and polymyxin B-treated BAV still remained active.311551-

Lipoxygenase-derived Mediators May Be Involved In In Vivo Neutrophil Migration Induced By Bothrops Erythromelas And Bothrops Alternatus Venoms

Bothrops erythromelas (BEV) and B. alternatus (BAV) venoms induced a dose-dependent neutrophil migration when injected into rat peritoneal cavities (20-160 μg/cavity). These venoms (80 μg/rat) also induced neutrophil migration in the air pouch model of inflammation. This migratory response seemed to be related to the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of the venoms. BAV had approximately two times more PLA2 activity than BEV, and the neutrophil migration induced by the former venom was two to three-fold greater than that observed with the latter. Heated (90°C for 5 min) BEV lost about 50% of its PLA2 activity and this was accompanied by a corresponding loss in the ability to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), an indirect inhibitor of PLA2 activity, also abolished the neutrophil migration induced by both venoms. Since NDGA (100 mg/kg, s.c.) and dexamethasone, but not indomethacin (2 mg/kg, s.c.), strongly reduced the neutrophil migration induced by both bothropic venoms, it is suggested that arachidonate-derived lipoxygenase metabolites such as leukotriene B4 act as the chemotactic mediators. Macrophages could be the main cellular source of such metabolites since they are the predominant resident cells in the rat air pouch, and the migratory response of BEV and BAV into peritoneal cavities was potentiated in rats pretreated with thioglycollate. The neutrophil migration induced by BEV and BAV was not due to endotoxin contamination since heated BEV showed no effect and polymyxin B-treated BAV still remained active. © 1993.311215511559Assakura, Reichl, Asperti, Mandelbaum, Isolation of the major proteolytic enzyme from the venom of the snakeBothrops moojeni (caissaca) (1985) Toxicon, 23, pp. 691-706Basavarajappa, Gowda, Comparative characterization of two toxic phospholipases A2 from Indian cobra(Naja naja naja) venom (1992) Toxicon, 30, pp. 1227-1238Dinarello, Cytokines: interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) (1988) Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, pp. 195-208. , J.I. Gallin, I.M. Goldstein, R. Snyderman, Raven Press, New YorkFaccioli, Souza, Cunha, Poole, Ferreira, Recombinant interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor induce neutrophil migrationin vivo by indirect mechanisms (1990) Agents Actions, 30, pp. 344-349Ferreira, Are macrophages the body's alarm cells? (1980) Agents Actions, 10, p. 229Flower, Glucocorticoids and the inhibition of phospholipase A2 (1989) Antiinflammatory Steroid Action. Basic and Clinical Aspects, pp. 48-66. , R.P. Schleimer, H.N. Clamor, A.L. Oronsky, Academic Press, New YorkFoster, McCormick, Howarth, Aked, Leukocyte recruitment in the sub-cutaneous sponge implant model of acute inflammation in the rat is not mediated by leukotriene B4 (1986) Biochem. Pharmac., 35, pp. 1709-1717Gutierrez, Lomonte, Local tissue damage induced byBothrops snake venoms (1989) A review, 51, pp. 211-223. , Mem. Inst. ButantanGutierrez, Chaves, Mata, Cerdas, Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced byBothrops asper (terciopelo) venom (1986) Toxicon, 24, pp. 223-231Higgs, Moncada, Vane, Eicosanoids in inflammation (1984) Ann. clin. Res., 16, pp. 287-299Kaiser, Michl, Chemistry and pharmacology of the venoms ofBothrops andLachesis (1971) Venomous Animals and their Venoms, 2, pp. 307-318. , W. Bucherl, E.E. Buckley, Academic Press, New YorkKini, Evans, A model to explain the pharmacological effects of snake venom phospholipase A2 (1989) Toxicon, 27, pp. 613-635Lewis, Austen, Leukotrienes (1988) Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, pp. 121-128. , J.I. Gallin, I.M. Goldstein, R. Snyderman, Raven Press, New YorkLoˆbo de Arau´jo, Radvanyi, Determination of phospholipase A2 activity by a colorimetric assay using a pH indicator (1987) Toxicon, 25, pp. 1181-1188Mandelbaum, Reichl, Assakura, Some physical and biochemical characteristics of HF2, one of the hemorrhagic factors in the venom ofBothrops jararaca (1976) Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, 1, pp. 111-121. , A. Oshaka, K. Hayashi, Y. Saway, Plenum Press, LondonMandelbaum, Assakura, Reichl, Characterization of two hemorrhagic factors isolated from the venom ofBothrops neuwiedi (jararaca pintada) (1984) Toxicon, 22, pp. 193-206McManus, Pathobiology of platelet-activating factor (1986) Path. Immunopath. Res., 5, pp. 104-117Nakamura, Ferreira, Peripheral sympathetic component in inflammatory hyperalgesia (1987) Eur. J. Pharmac., 135, pp. 145-153Nathan, Secretory products of macrophages (1987) J. clin. Invest., 79, pp. 319-324Ribeiro, Flores, Cunha, Ferreira, IL-8 causesin vivo neutrophil migration by a cell-dependent mechanism (1991) Immunology, 73, pp. 472-477Rosenfeld, Symptomatology, pathology and treatment of snake bites in South America (1971) Venomous Animals and their Venoms, 2, pp. 345-403. , W. Bucherl, E.E. Buckley, Academic Press, New YorkRothschild, Rothschild, Liberation of pharmacologically active substances by snake venoms (1979) Snake Venoms. Handbood of Experimental Pharmacology, 52, pp. 591-628. , C.Y. Lee, Springer, BerlinSouza, Ferreira, Blockade by antimacrophage serum of the migration of PMN-neutrophils into the inflamed peritoneal cavity (1985) Agents Actions, 17, pp. 97-102Tateson, Randall, Reynolds, Jackson, Bhattacherjee, Salmon, Garland, Selective inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase by novel acetohydroxamic acids: biochemical assessmentin vitro andex vivo (1988) Br. J. Pharmac., 94, pp. 528-539Trebien, Calixto, Pharmacological evaluation of rat paw oedema induced byBothrops jararaca venom (1989) Agents Actions, 26, pp. 292-300Weisman, Bartow, Leppo, Marsh, Jr, Carson, Concino, Boyle, Fearon, Soluble human complement receptor type 1:in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis (1990) Science, 249, pp. 146-15