Similar but different: Revealing the relative roles of species‐traits versus biome properties structuring genetic variation in South American marsh rats

AimWetland habitats, and the ecological restrictions imposed by them, structure patterns of genetic variation in constituent taxa. As such, genetic variation may reflect properties of the specific biomes species inhabit, or shared life history traits among species may result in similar genetic structure. We evaluated these hypotheses jointly by quantifying the similarity of genetic structure in three South American marsh rat species (Holochilus), and test how genetic variation in each species relates to biome‐specific environmental space and historical stability.LocationSouth America.TaxonRodentia.MethodsUsing complementary analyses (Mantel tests, dbRDA, Procrustes, covariance structure of allele frequencies and environmental niche models [ENMs]) with 8,000–32,000 SNPs per species, we quantified the association between genomic variation and geographic and/or environmental differences.ResultsSignificant association between genetic variation and geography was identified for all species. Similarity in the strength of the association suggests connectivity patterns dictated by shared species‐traits predominate at the biome scale. However, substantial amounts of genetic variation are not explained by geography. Focusing on this portion of the variance, we demonstrate a significant quantitative association between genetic variation and the environmental space of a biome, and a qualitative association with varying regional stability. Specifically, historically stable areas estimated from ecological niche models are correlated with local levels of geographic structuring, suggesting that local biome‐specific histories affect population isolation/connectivity.Main conclusionsThese tests show that although species exhibit similar patterns of genetic variation that are consistent with shared natural histories, irrespective of inhabiting different wetland biomes, local biome‐specific properties (i.e. varying environmental conditions and historical stability) contribute to departures from equilibrium patterns of genetic variation expected by isolation by geographic distance. The reflection of these biome‐specific properties in the genetic structure of the marsh rats provides a window into the differences among South American wetlands with evolutionary consequences for their respective constituent assemblages.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149336/1/jbi13529.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149336/2/jbi13529_am.pd

Geographic distribution of the genera of the Tribe Oryzomyini (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) in South America: patterns of distribution and diversity

The Oryzomyini is the most diverse tribe of the sigmodontine (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) radiation, including 28 genera and about 130 species, with this diversity reflected in the ecological and morphological variation observed among members. There are many hypotheses to explain the emergence and diversification of the Sigmodontinae in South America, including areas of original differentiation (AOD). In this paper we provide information on the geographic distribution of all extant genera in the tribe Oryzomyini, organizing these data in a gazetteer that includes provenance (collection locality, state or province, country), elevation, and geographical coordenates. Distribution maps generated for all genera and species then serve as the starting point for testing patterns of geographic distribution and diversity, and especially the AOD hypothesis advocating origination in the northern Andes. Our results reveal considerable generic and specific richness and show that there are three general patterns of distribution, the Trans-Andean, Andean, and Cis-Andean. Moreover, different genera encompass distributions that are endemic, disjunct, or widely distributed, as well as those restricted by habitats in both forest and open areas. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses indicate that the distribution patterns of oryzomyines do not correlate with the major lineages of the inclusive clades; rather, each main lineage displays most of the biogeographic patterns described for the tribe as a whole. The northern Andes cannot be considered as AOD, since the most records for Oryzomyini are located in the Cis-Andes area. The northern Andes is the second region in number of species, while the Trans-Andean represents the third richest region in South America. Patterns of richness of the tribe are strongly concordant with several of the centers or regions of endemism described in the literature. Areas of high richness are located mainly in the Andes, followed in lesser degree by areas in the Guyanan Shield, Brazilian Atlantic and Amazon Forests, and Paraguayan Chaco

Characterization Of Pcl And Chitosan Nanoparticles As Carriers Of Enoxaparin And Its Antithrombotic Effect In Animal Models Of Venous Thrombosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This study was based on the preparation, characterization, and animal in vivo experiments performed to evaluate nanoparticles of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and chitosan as carriers of enoxaparin. Thenanoparticles were characterized and presented satisfactory results in terms of size, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency. Anticoagulant activity of the nanoparticles was maintained for 14 hours when the administration was subcutaneous; however no activity was observed after oral administration. There was a significant reduction in thrombus size, in vivo, for both free and encapsulated enoxaparin in comparison with the control group after subcutaneous administration. Oral administration results however were indifferent. In conclusion, the double emulsion method w/o/w was efficient for enoxaparin encapsulation, producing spherical nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency. For in vivo studies, the encapsulated enoxaparin showed a sustained anticoagulant activity for a higher period of time compared to free enoxaparin, with an antithrombotic effect when administered subcutaneously.FAPESPCNPqBrazilian Network on Nanocosmetics (MCT/CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

PERSPECTIVAS PARA ESTIMATIVA DE BIOMASSA VIVA E ESTOQUE DE CARBONO ACIMA DO SOLO EM ÁREAS VERDES URBANAS DO DOMÍNIO MATA ATLÂNTICA, BRASIL

As áreas florestais são excelentes sumidouros de carbono e sua conservação é considerada como uma estratégia de redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Na Mata Atlântica, que ocupa 15% do território brasileiro, as áreas verdes urbanas possuem papel importante na qualidade de vida de sua população, que equivale a 52% da população do país. A pesquisa teve o objetivo de analisar na literatura científica os principais métodos não destrutivos utilizados (entre 2000 e 2020) para estimar a biomassa viva e o estoque de carbono acima do solo, em florestas da Mata Atlântica, com vistas à aplicação em áreas verdes urbanas. Foi elaborada uma planilha com as principais equações alométricas e parâmetros encontrados na literatura. Dentre as pesquisas levantadas, 59 foram selecionadas para análise de acordo com os critérios aplicados. Constatou-se que apenas 20% das pesquisas foram realizadas em áreas verdes urbanas. O fator de conversão de biomassa viva para o estoque de carbono foi o principal método, utilizado em 70% das pesquisas analisadas. Os métodos indiretos, como os de sensoriamento remoto e emergia são interessantes pela praticidade e custos menos elevados. Destaca-se a importância dos inventários florestais, bem como do desenvolvimento de metodologias apropriadas para o estudo da biomassa viva e do estoque de carbono acima do solo nas áreas verdes urbanas, visando ampliar o conhecimento nesta área e apoiar decisões

Sobre la distinción y disponibilidad de los nuevos taxones propuestos por Agnolin et al. 2019

Sobre la distinción y disponibilidad de los nuevos taxones propuestos por Agnolin et al. 2019. Recientemente, Agnolin et al. (2019) describieron 14 especies nuevas de mamíferos, incluyendo 12 roedores, un murciélago y un carnívoro, y una nueva subespecie de roedor. Además, estos autores propusieron varios otros actos nomenclatoriales: algunas formas nominales se eliminaron de las sinonimias y se hipotetizaron como especies distintas; se nombraron tres nuevos géneros, una subtribu y una tribu demamíferos. Revisamos todos los actos nomenclatoriales propuestos por Agnolin et al. (2019) y concluimos que las 14 nuevas especies y la nueva subespecie, así como las formas eliminadas de las sinonimias, deben tratarse como sinónimos de especies ya conocidas. Sugerimos lo mismo con respecto a los tres nuevos taxones supraespecí cos presentados por Agnolin et al. (2019), de los cuales dos no están disponibles ya que no cumplen con las disposiciones del Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica. Terminamos esta contribución criticando la forma en que Agnolin et al. (2019) realizaron su abordaje taxonómico.Recently, Agnolin et al. (2019) described 14 new species of mammals, including 12 rodents,one bat, and one carnivore, and one new subspecies of rodent. In addition, these authors proposed severalother nomenclatorial acts: some nominal forms were removed from synonymies and hypothesized as distinctspecies, at the time that three new genera, one subtribe, and one tribe of mammals were also named. Wereviewed the merits of all nomenclatorial acts proposed by Agnolin at al. (2019) and concluded that all 14new species and the new subspecies, as well as those forms removed from synonymies, should be treatedas synonyms of already known species. We suggest the same regarding the three new supraspecic taxapresented by Agnolin et al., two of which are not available as they fail to comply with the provisions of theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature. We end this contribution criticizing the way that mammaltaxonomy was approached by Agnolin et al. (2019).Fil: Teta, Pablo Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: D'elía, Guillermo. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Jayat, Jorge Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Gonçalves, Pablo Rodrigues. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Simoes Libardi, Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; Argentina. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Oliveira, João Alves de. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; BrasilFil: Moratelli, Ricardo. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Reis Percequillo, Alexandre. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Prado, Joyce Rodrigues do. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Ortiz, Pablo Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra Geología Estructural. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Hurtado, Natali. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin; PerúFil: Schiaffini, Mauro Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad; ArgentinaFil: Abreu Jr., Edson Fiedler de. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Chiquito, Elisandra Almeida. Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica; BrasilFil: Giménez, Analía Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Julio. Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay; Paragua

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum