A Minimalist Model of Characteristic Earthquakes

In a spirit akin to the sandpile model of self-organized criticality, we present a simple statistical model of the cellular-automaton type which produces an avalanche spectrum similar to the characteristic-earthquake behavior of some seismic faults. This model, that has no parameter, is amenable to an algebraic description as a Markov Chain. This possibility illuminates some important results, obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, such as the earthquake size-frequency relation and the recurrence time of the characteristic earthquake.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

Evaluación, Mejoramiento y Optimización de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de la Ciudad de Soritor, Moyobamba • Perú

Soritor is a little city located in tbe Peruvian Amazonian, in the Region of San Martín, with a population of 10000 inhabitants approximately. Her sewer facilities has a stabilization pond scheme which is object of investigation present. Were founded parameters than let to test the purifying efficiency and bacterium death obtained from sewage purify plant (SPP) of Soritor. The results show that the SPP haven't minimum structures for a good performance. The average faecal coliform concentration of effiuent (5,4E+o4 NMP/lOOml) is bigger than permissible limits according to General Law of Water and bis bylaws, likewise global treatment efficiency (99,9168 %) is relatively poor. The average faecal coli concentration of receiver water body before discharge point has a bigger concentration (2,2E+o5 NMP/lOOml) than treated sewage effiuent, therefore considerations about to decrease this parameter by these ecosystem is not possible through dilution. Was founded bacterium death velocity (0,44 Vd) for be used as a design and optimizing parameter for SPP's stabilization ponds or future another in the region, through tests in discontinued flow, according Chick's Law, carried out in a facultative first pond. Also was founded the hydraulic dispersion factors for both, primary and secondary ponds, (1,3 lid and 0,98 l/d respectively) with relation to pond geometry, according with first arder equations and mathematic models developed for Yañez (1983). Finally, with respect to results founded and appraised was made a technical proposal in order to improvement and optimize the Soritor's SPP, according with Norm S.090 called Norm of Sewage Treatment Plants ofthe National Construction Regulations and the Law Nº 17752 called General Law of Waters and her bylaws.Soritor es una pequeña ciudad ubicada en la amazonía peruana, en la Región San Martín, con una población de 10000 habitantes aproximadamente. Su servicio de desagüe tiene un sistema de lagunas de estabilización, objeto de la presente investigación. Se detenninaron parámetros que permitieron evaluar la eficiencia del tratamiento y remoción bacteriana en la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PT AR) de Soritor. Los resultados muestran lo siguiente. La PTAR carece de estructuras básicas para el buen funcionamiento. La concentración de bacterias coliformes fecales promedio del efluente (5,4E+04 NMP/lOOml) supera los límites máximos permisibles según la Ley General de Aguas. y sus reglamentos. Así mismo, la eficiencia global promedio del tratamiento (99,9168 %) es relativamente baja. La concentración de coliformes fecales promedio en el cuerpo de agua receptor antes de la descarga de los efluentes de la PTAR tiene una concentración (2,2E+05 NMP/lOOml) más alta con respecto a tales efluentes, por lo que el objetivo de disminuir la concentración de colifecales de los efluentes por este ecosistema ya no es posible por dilución. Se determinó la constante de mortalidad bacteriana (0,44 1/d) para usarla como parámetro de diseño y optimización de la PT AR de Soritor y futuras lagunas en la región, realizando pruebas en equilibrio discontinuo, regidas por la Ley de Chick, en una de las lagunas primarias facultativas. También se determinaron los factores de dispersión hidráulica para las lagunas primarias y secundarias (1,3 1/d y 0,98 l/d respectivamente) en función a la geometría de las lagunas, siguiendo las relaciones de primer orden y el modelo matemático desarrollado por Yánez (1983). Sobre la base de lo evaluado y determinado finalmente se elaboró una propuesta técnica de mejoramiento y optimización de la PT AR, formulada en base al cumplimiento de la norma S.090 Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales del Reglamento Nacional de Construcciones y la Ley Nº 17752 General de Aguas y sus reglamentos.Tesi

EVALUACIÓN MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN NUMÉRICA DE LAS CONDICIONES ÓPTIMAS PARA LA INYECCIÓN DE UN PROCESO DE GAS ALTERNADO CON AGUA – WAG.

En este estudio se realizó el análisis de los parámetros que afectan el proceso WAG como el Volumen Poroso total de gas inyectado, relación agua / gas, y la tasa de inyección de gas, realizando corridas de simulación que permitieron evaluar el efecto sobre la producción incremental de petróleo y fue necesario hacer 15 corridas de simulación en el software ECLIPSE 100, en un modelo estático y dinámico de un patrón de inyección en el campo Tello (Colombia) y finalmente se presenta un rango de valores en los cuales para el caso específico se puede optimizar el proceso WAG.   En el artículo se presenta cuál es el efecto en la producción de petróleo al incrementar la cantidad de gas inyectado, de la relación WAG y el caudal de inyección de gas; se hace una evaluación de la eficiencia del proceso WAG simulado.   Palabras claves: Inyección de agua, inyección de gas, recobro mejorado, WAG.       ABSTRACT   This study analizes the parameters that affect the Water Alternating Gas process (WAG)such as: % Pore Volume total injected gas, water / gas relation and gas injection rate, by means of simulation runs that made it possible to assess the effect on the incremental oil production and it was necessary to make 15 scenaries simulation runs on ECLIPSE 100 software, in static and dynamic model of an injection pattern in the Tello field (Colombia), and finally presents a range of values in which, for the specific case, can be optimize WAG process.   This paper presents the effect on oil production by increasing: the amount of gas injected, the WAG relation and gas injection flow; besides, it was done an evaluation in the efficiency of the simulated WAG process.   Keywords: Water injection, gas injection, enhanced recovery, water alternating gas

OPTIMIZACIÓN DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LAS UNIDADES DE FLUJO X1 Y X2 UTILIZANDO CHOQUES EN FONDO.

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe una metodología sencilla para optimizar la producción conjunta de petróleo de los pozos que presentan flujo cruzado. Inicialmente, por medio de modelamiento en un software de análisis nodal, se seleccionan los pozos problema para optimizar, y por medio del análisis de las curvas IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship) y TPC (Tubing Performance Curve) de estos pozos, se especifican las características del coeficiente Cv de una válvula de control de flujo para tubing de 3 ½ para establecer el porcentaje de apertura. Palabras claves: Choques, Optimización, Producción, Arenas X1 Y X2, válvulas de control. ABSTRACT This work describes a methodology to optimize the production of the wells that present crossed flow. Initially by means of modeling in a nodal analysis software the wells with problems are selected to optimize them. By means of the analysis of the IPR curves (Inflow Performance Relationship) and TPC (Tubing Performance Curves) of these wells, the characteristics of the Cv coefficient are specified for a flow control valve in order to optimize the production in a 3½״ tubing to optimize the production. Keywords: chokes, Optimization, Production, X2 and X1 Formation, control valves

Exciton diffusion in two-dimensional metal-halide perovskites

Two-dimensional layered perovskites are attracting increasing attention as more robust analogues to the conventional three-dimensional metal-halide perovskites for both light harvesting and light emitting applications. However, the impact of the reduced dimensionality on the optoelectronic properties remains unclear, particularly regarding the spatial dynamics of the excitonic excited state within the two-dimensional plane. Here, we present direct measurements of exciton transport in single-crystalline layered perovskites. Using transient photoluminescence microscopy, we show that excitons undergo an initial fast diffusion through the crystalline plane, followed by a slower subdiffusive regime as excitons get trapped. Interestingly, the early intrinsic diffusivity depends sensitively on the choice of organic spacer. A clear correlation between lattice stiffness and diffusivity is found, suggesting exciton–phonon interactions to be dominant in the spatial dynamics of the excitons in perovskites, consistent with the formation of exciton–polarons. Our findings provide a clear design strategy to optimize exciton transport in these systemsThis work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through The “María de Maeztu” Program for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0377). M.S. acknowledges the financial support of a fellowship from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/IN17/11620040. M.S. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673. F.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation, and Universities through the state program (PGC2018-097236-A-I00) and through the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2017-23253), as well as the Comunidad de Madrid Talent Program for Experienced Researchers (2016-T1/IND-1209). N.A., M.M. and R. D.B. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through Grant FIS2017-86007-C3-1-P (AEI/FEDER, EU). E.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through Grant FIS2016-80434-P (AEI/FEDER, EU), the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2011- 09345) and the Comunidad de Madrid through Grant S2018/ NMT-4511 (NMAT2D-CM). S.P. acknowledges financial support by the VILLUM FONDEN via the Centre of Excellence for Dirac Materials (Grant No. 11744

747-1 Progression of Aortic Regurgitation Assessed by Doppler Echocardiography in 127 Patients: Degree of Regurgitation

To assess the progression of chronic aortic regurgitation (AR), 127 patients 169 men; 59±21 yr) with AR (59 mild, 8 mild-to-moderate, 41 moderate, 4 moderate-to-severe, 15 severe) who had ≥6 months of follow-up (6–47 months) by color Doppler and 2-D echo were studied. The degree of AR was established at entry and follow-up studies using an algorithm (semi-quantitative) that takes into account several Doppler criteria (jet area and jet height ratios, jet length, pressure half-time, reversal of flow in descending aorta) and the jet height/LV outflow tract (LVOT) height ratio (quantitative). LV volume (Simpson) and LV mass (Devereux) were calculated. A significant increase in jet/LVOT height ratio was observed in the whole population (30±17 vs. 35±20%; p<0.00001) and in the subsets of patients with mild (18±7 vs. 22.3±9%; p<0.01), moderate (40±14 vs. 44±16%; p<0.01) and severe (54±19 vs. 65±15%; p<0.05) AR. An increase in the degree of AR (semi-quantitative) during the follow-up was observed in 38 (30%) of patients: 25% with mild, 37% with mild-to-moderate, 44% with moderate and 50% with moderate-to-severe AR (p<0.006). Patients were further divided according to the rank order in the rate of progression of jet/LVOT height ratio into “progressives” (n=18; rate>5.64%/yr) and “non-progressives” (n=109). Patients with “progressive” AR had a faster rate of progression of LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume and LV mass than “non-progressives” (p<0.025).ConclusionsAR is a progressive disease even in patients with mild insufficiency. The progression in the degree of AR is more frequent in patients with more severe disease. The rate of progression of regurgitation appears to playa role in LV overload in patients with AR

Identification of ncRNAs as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis Through Differential ncRNA – mRNA Network Analysis

Background: Several studies have revealed a potential role for both small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the physiopathology of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This potential implication has been mainly described through differential expression studies. However, it has been suggested that, in order to extract additional information from large-scale expression experiments, differential expression studies must be complemented with differential network studies. Thus, the present work is aimed at the identification of potential therapeutic ncRNA targets for RRMS through differential network analysis of ncRNA - mRNA coexpression networks. ncRNA - mRNA coexpression networks have been constructed from both selected ncRNA (specifically miRNAs, snoRNAs and sdRNAs) and mRNA large-scale expression data obtained from 22 patients in relapse, the same 22 patients in remission and 22 healthy controls. Condition-specific (relapse, remission and healthy) networks have been built and compared to identify the parts of the system most affected by perturbation and aid the identification of potential therapeutic targets among the ncRNAs. Results: All the coexpression networks we built present a scale-free topology and many snoRNAs are shown to have a prominent role in their architecture. The differential network analysis (relapse vs. remission vs. controls' networks) has revealed that, although both network topology and the majority of the genes are maintained, few ncRNA - mRNA links appear in more than one network. We have selected as potential therapeutic targets the ncRNAs that appear in the disease-specific network and were found to be differentially expressed in a previous study. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the diseased state of RRMS has a strong impact on the ncRNA - mRNA network of peripheral blood leukocytes, as a massive rewiring of the network happens between conditions. Our findings also indicate that the role snoRNAs have in targeted gene silencing is a widespread phenomenon. Finally, among the potential therapeutic target ncRNAs, SNORA40 seems to be the most promising candidate.This work has been supported partially by Fondo de investigacion Sanitaria from Instituto Carlos III through the project FIS PS09/02105, by SAIOTEK (SAIO11-PC11BN003) and by the Spanish Net of Multiple Sclerosis. HI and MMC has been supported by departamento de educacion del Gobierno Vasco through a PhD grant

LA EVALUACIÓN: UN TEMA QUE TODOS DEBEMOS ABORDAR

RESUMEN La evaluación es un tema que debe ser abordado permanentemente por todos los miembros de la comunidad académica y especialmente por los profesores y estudiantes. Por las implicaciones éticas y de poder que llevan implícitas las acciones evaluativas, deben conformarse colectivos de pensamiento que mediante la reflexión crítica propicien las innovaciones acordes con las necesidades y exigencias sociales. Con la evaluación está asociada la calidad de la enseñanza, del aprendizaje, la calidad de vida en la comunidad académica y de la formación integral en general, por ello es imprescindible que se trasciendan las viejas e ineficaces políticas y prácticas, en favor de tendencias equilibradas y sobre todo democráticas.   Palabras Clave: Evaluación educativa, calidad, evaluación diagnóstica, evaluación formativa, y evaluación sumativa, acción comunicativa y criterios.   SUMMARY The evaluation is a subject that must permanently be boarded by all the members of the academic community and specially by the professors and students. By the ethical implications and of power that take implicit the evaluativas actions, they must be satisfied collective of thought that by means of the critical reflection the agreed innovations with the necessities and social exigencies cause. With the evaluation they are associate the quality of education, of the learning, the quality of life in the academic community and the integral formation in general, for that reason it is essential that the old and ineffective policies and practices are extended, in tendencies please balanced and mainly democratic.   Keywords: Educative evaluation, quality, it diagnoses evaluation, formative evaluation, and sum evaluation, communicative action and criteria.

Estimation of supply and demand of tertiary education places in advanced digital profiles in the EU: Focus on Artificial Intelligence, High Performance Computing, Cybersecurity and Data Science

In order to investigate the extent to which the education offer of advanced digital skills in Europe matches labour market needs, this study estimates the supply and demand of university places for studies covering the technological domains of Artificial Intelligence (AI), High Performance Computing (HPC), Cybersecurity (CS) and Data Science (DS), in the EU27, United Kingdom and Norway. The difference between demand and supply of tertiary education places (Bachelor and Master or equivalent level) in the mentioned technological domains is referred in this report as unmet students’ demand of places, or unmet demand. Demanded places, available places and unmet demand are estimated for the following dimensions: (a) the tertiary education level in which this demand is observed: Bachelor and Master or equivalent programmes; (b) the programme’s scope, or depth with which education programmes address the technological domain: broad and specialised; and (c) the main fields of education where this tuition is offered: Business Administration and Law; Natural sciences and Mathematics; Information and Communication Technology (ICT); and Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction, with the remaining fields grouped together in a fifth category. From these estimations, it is concluded that the number of available places in the EU27, at Bachelor level, reaches 587,000 for studies with AI content, 106,000 places offered in HPC, 307,000 places in CS and 444,000 places offered in the domain of DS. At Master level this demand is comparatively lower, except for the DS domain, were it equals the offer at bachelor level. DS outnumbers AI in demand of places at Master level, with 602,000 and 535,000 demanded places, respectively. The unmet demand for AI, HPC, CS and DS in EU27 at MSc level is approximately 150,000, 33,000, 59,000 and 167,000 places, respectively. At BSc level, the unmet demand reaches 273,000, 53,000, 159,000 and 213,000 places, respectively. Another finding is that the unmet demand for broad academic programmes is higher than for specialised programmes of all technological domains and education levels (Bachelor and Master). Higher availability of places for AI, HPC, CS and DS domains is found for academic programmes taught in the ICT field of education, both at Bachelor and Master levels. For Bachelor studies, Germany and Finland are estimated as the countries with the highest unmet demand in AI, HPC, CS and DS, either with a broad or specialised scope. United Kingdom is the only studied country offering places for all fields of education and technological domains at Bachelor level and Master level. For Master studies, this is also found in Germany, Ireland, France and Portugal.JRC.B.6-Digital Econom