Light Fedility (Li-Fi) - An Emerging Era of Wireless Data Communication and its Applications

These days, internet has turned out to be major demand that people are in seek of Wi-Fi hotspots (internet providers). Li-Fi offers transmission of information through visible by transferring information via an LED light bulb that diverges in concentration quicker than individual eye can go after. The term Li-Fi states to VLC(visible light communication) technology that utilizes as standard to carry speedy interaction in a way comparable to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi supplies superior efficiency, security, bandwidth and availability than Wi-Fi. This paper offer a brief summary on Li-Fi technology, its applications, potential and advantages

Optimización de un pretratamiento enzimático para semillas de mostaza utilizando metodología de superficie de respuesta

In order to investigate the effect of an enzymatic pre-treatment process for the extraction of oil from black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) using viscozyme, the reaction parameters such as temperature, buffer-to-seed ratio and enzyme concentration were considered as determinant factors in the central composite design. Optimization was carried out according to the four-variable five-level central composite design of experiments. The effects of enzyme concentration (5–12%), temperature (40–55 °C), pH (5.0–6.0), and reaction time (1–7 h) on the free oil liberated were studied. Residual oil was collected by subjecting the treated meal to soxhlet extraction for 4 h. An enzyme dose of 7.5% (w/w), pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 5 h with constant shaking at 450 rpm were found to be opti­mal conditions. Centrifuging the mixture at 7000 rpm for 30 min separated the oil with a recovery of 71–73.1%.Con el fin de investigar el efecto de un pretratamiento enzimático para la extracción de aceite de semillas de mostaza negra (Brassica nigra) utilizando viscozima, los parámetros de la reacción, como la temperatura, la relación de tampón/semilla y las concentraciones de enzima, se consideraron factores deter­minantes en el diseño. La optimización se llevó a cabo mediante cuatro diseños de experimentos compuestos de cinco niveles. Se estudió el efecto de la concentración de enzima (5-12%), temperatura (40-55 °C), pH (5.0-6.0), y tiempo de reacción (1-7 h) sobre el aceite liberado. El aceite residual se recolectó sometiendo la pasta tratada a una extracción de soxhlet durante 4 h. Las dosis de enzima del 7,5% (p/p), pH 5,0, 50 °C y 5 h con agitación constante a 450 rpm fueron las condiciones óptimas. La centrifugación de la mezcla a 7000 rpm durante 30 minutos separó el aceite con una recuperación de 71-73.1%

<span style="font-size: 22.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Dielectric relaxation studies of 100 MeV Ni⁵⁸<span style="font-size:17.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> <span style="font-size:22.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">ion irradiated kapton-H polyimide film </span></span></span>

654-659<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">Kapton -H polyimide samples of thickness 12.5<span style="font-size:14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" hiddenhorzocr"="">µ<span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt; font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR">m <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">have been irradiated with 100 MeV Ni58 ion beam with fluences 6.295 <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">×<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">1011 and 2.57 <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">× 1012<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> ions/cm2 .<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">The dielectric constant/loss investigations have been measured from 30 to 240°C<span style="font-size:19.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">for different frequencies ranging from 100Hz to 3 MHz. The nature of Ɛ'-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T curve in low temperature region (30-70°C) is mainly governed by γ-relaxation. The dielectric loss peak at 60°C is in conformity with this relaxation. The dielectric constant in the temperature range 70-180°C is mainly governed by dipolar and space charge relaxations. The new energy <span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR">trap <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">due to the formation or free radicals by high-energy ion irradiation, contributes significantly towards space charge relaxation. In this temperature region,Ɛ<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">' <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">or high flux irradiated samples is more than low flux irradiated samples. In high temperature region (180-240°C) the increase in Ɛ<span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> ' with temperature is mainly due to interfacial polarization, which arises due to formation or new phases by irradiation. The loss maximumin Ɛ "- <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">T <span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">curve at 240°C confirms the presence or this relaxation. </span

<span style="font-size: 22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Dielectric constant/loss behaviour of 11.6 MeV/n U^{<span style="font-size:17.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">238</span>}<span style="font-size:17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">ion irradiated poly (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">p</i>-hydroxy benzoic acid-co-ethylene terephthalate) liquid crystal polymer </span></span></span>

633-636<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">Polymer liquid crystal, a copolymer or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly hydroxy henzoic acid (PHB) whence referred as PET/x PHB where <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">x <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">represents the molar concentration or PHB, for x=0.3 and 0.7 or 165 µ<span style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:HiddenHorzOCR">m nominal <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">thickness were irradiated with 11.6 MeV /n <span style="font-size:19.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">U238 -ion at DRAMSTADT (Germany) with fluence 1×10<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">6 ions/cm2 .<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">The dielectric constant/loss measurements for these polymer liquid crystal samples were measured in the temperature range 20-220°C b<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">y using Keithley's precision LCZ meter for frequencies 120Hz, 1 kHz, 10kHz and 100kHz. An increase in the dielectric constant at low temperature (20-60 °C) mainly ascribed to <span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" ms="" mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:arial"="">α-relaxation, which depends upon the molar concentration of PHB. This peak has been attributed to the polar nature or both PET and PHB. The α<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">-relaxation is followed by suppression in dielectric constant or PET/0.3PHB and sharp increase in dielectric constant of -PET/0.7PHB from which one can understand that, due to irradiation, the PET rich phase has been affected drastically. The decrease in the dielectric constant <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">at higher temperatures is due to the increase in crystallinity as annealing-like effects are also induced due to irradiation by <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">energetic heavy ions. The peak in the dielectric loss (0.3 PHB) curve ascribed to the space charge relaxation processes, which is in accordance with the thermally-stimulated polarization current behaviour. A continuous decrease in the dielectric loss curve (0.7PHB) ascribed to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">m-transition that is in conformity with the investigations on internal friction. </span

Assessment of Influence of Seed Invigoration Treatments on Seed Germination, Seed Quality and Seedling Vigour in Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.)

Poor germination in fodder crops is one of the major reasons responsible for lower than potential green forage yield of cereals. Invigoration treatments aids to promote and accelerate germination, increase the vigour of seedlings, and improve stand establishment in field, vegetable, and horticultural crops. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different seed invigoration treatments on seed quality parameters viz., germination, field emergence, speed of germination, seedling length, dry weight and seedling vigour in fodder maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with two factors i.e., months and treatments having 5 different seed priming treatment combinations i.e., &nbsp;- Priming with water for 12 hrs., &nbsp;- Priming with NaCl @ 4 g / litre of water for 8 hours., &nbsp;- Priming with Poly Ethylene Glycol solution @ 10g / litre of water for 8 hours., &nbsp;– Priming with GA3 @ 0.2 g / litre of water for 8 hours and &nbsp;- Control (unprimed seeds) and the treatments were replicated four times during Rabi, 2022-23 at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Seed Research and Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The results obtained from this study indicate that hormonal priming with GA3 can be successfully employed to improve germination, field emergence, seedling length, dry weight, and seedling vigour in fodder maize (Zea mays L.). At the end of the study, it was observed that hormonal priming with GA3 had a significantly positive influence on mean germination per cent (90%), field emergence (87%), speed of germination (20.221%), seedling length (34.17 cm), dry weight (0.792 g), seedling vigour index-I (3082.05) and seedling vigour index-II (71.42) over the control

Consumer Preference and Spending Pattern in Indian Fast Food industry

Abstract- Fast food industry is one of the world’s fastest growing sectors in food industry. However, over a period of time, with a growth in the number of nuclear families, economic growth and increasing per capita income as well as globalization, fast food culture gained prominence in India. The study reveals that. The average visits made by the sample respondents was three times in a month and that young consumer lifestyle trend consists of taste, convenience and seeking alternate food items which formed the major reasons for consuming fast food. Analysis on reasons behind eating fast food by the sample respondents revealed that taste (56 per cent) is major reason to consume fast food followed by convenience (15 per cent) and alternate to home food (11 per cent).They also expressed that relaxation and wider variety of menu were the other reasons to consume fast food. Index Terms- Fast food industry, spending pattern, Consumer preference I