Tamil Tradition and Performing Arts

Though food, clothing and shelter are the basic needs of human beings, the ancient people followed a policy to pass on the culture, culture and traditions of man to the next generation. In order to reach out to people who were ignorant of literacy and outside life, the arts were developed primarily with entertainment. At first, art began to alleviate the physical and mental pain of the people. Later, the arts were well received by the people and later the artists used this as the main focus to formulate moral concepts and ways of life for the people. Tradition is an age-old way of life. Not only that, the life of the people was prosperous and they continue to preach good deeds through the arts to improve their morality till date. It is an ancient tradition that though people are in one place, they know what is happening in other places only through art. These arts are not merely a form of entertainment but also a testimony to the life of human beings. The importance of the people, the king, the country, etc., was an important part of the excellence of the arts during the Sangam Age. The purpose of this article is to see that such arts are part of the tradition and life of the Tamils

A prospective comparative study between Staplers and Conventional Hand-sewn Anastomosis in Gastrointestinal Surgery

INTRODUCTION : For a proper and perfect gastrointestinal anastomosis , the factors to be considered are ‘ time required for surgery’, ‘restoration of normal GI function’, ‘effective hemostasis’, ‘reduction of tissue damage’, and ‘prevention of postoperative mortality and morbidity’; for example, anastomotic leak (sepsis). Fundamental for GI anastomosis whether, hand –sewn technique or stapling technique is, good approximation without tension and good blood supply . Staplers are capable of cutting and stapling at the same time and avoiding the need for clamping. The increased cost of the staplers is offset by reduction in operating time. Circular staplers have better access in difficult areas like lower Pelvic surgery, sparing many patients from permanent colostomy. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to study the GI anastomosis by using staplers or hand-sewn technique. AIM OF STUDY: To compare hand-sewn technique with surgical stapling technique in a prospective cohort study in patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgeries. Study Duration: 1 Year. Study Population: 100 Patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From our Prospective study from March 2014 to August 2014 in Chennai at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital. A total of 100 patients were divided into 6 groups, depending on the surgery such as posterior gastrojejunostomy, anterior gastrojejunostomy, sub total gastrectomy and anterior gastrojejunostomy with jejunojeunostomy (Billroth II), ileostomy closure, colostomy closure, and hemicolectomy. Of 100 patients, 50 patients were hand-sewn group and the other 50 patients were in the stapler group which was grouped randomly by using lot. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients electively undergoing for bowel resection & anastomosis. 2. patients underwent diversion procedure in emergency situation, now requiring for stoma closure. 3. nutritionaly well-nourished patients those who hb%->10 gms, serum albumin -> 3 gms . Exclusion Criteria: 1. patients with indication of surgery other than mentioned in inclusion criteria. 2. associated surgeries & extended surgeries. 3. all emergency surgeries requiring bowel resection & anastomosis. 4. severe anemia & malnourished patients those were hb% - < 10 gms, serum albumin - < 3 gms. 5. advanced stage of malignancy in case of ca. stomach 7ca. rectum. CONCLUSION: Our study shows statistically significant reduction in operating time in staplers group compared with hand-sewn group. Other post operative parameters statistically not much significant. Also staplers has an advantage of approaching a difficult areas in hand-sewn group. Other advantages are for moribound patient it is time saving. The main disadvantage is cost and needs expertise in this procedure

Analysis on knowledge level of recommended plant protection technologies in areca nut (Areca catechu) cultivation in Salem district of Tamil Nadu

Areca nut (Areca catechu) is one of the important cash crops in India. India ranks first in terms of area and production of areca nut and accounts of 54.07 per cent of its world production. The harvesting of nuts commence on the Tamil month of ‘Thai’ (Mid-January to Mid-February) and spread over six months in carrying out the post-harvest practices and marketing of nuts. This study was purposively conducted in Salem district 2018-2019 and occupies first position in area (2,421 hectares) of areca nut in Tamil Nadu. The Peddanackenpalyam, Valapddy, Gengavalli and Attur blocks were selected based on the 87.28 per cent of the area under areca nut in this district with a sample size of 120 areca nut farmers selected by using a proportionate random sampling technique. Most of the respondents (80.00 per cent) had knowledge level of medium to high level of knowledge on the recommended plant protection technologies in areca nut cultivation. It was mainly due to the medium to the high level of information seeking behaviour and social participation. The study revealed that the areca nut growers differed widely in their social characteristics. Most of the respondents had a medium to a high level of knowledge on recommended technologies in areca nut cultivation. This finding stressed the importance of formulating different extension strategies for different audiences by the change agency system.

Effect of Non Genetic Factors on Absolute Growth Rate in Short Term Selection for Different Ages in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Abstract Meat type Japanese quail were subjected to three different methods of individual phenotypic selection viz., high two week body weight (SWL), four week body weight (FWL) and high four week body weight coupled with low relative body weight gain between 4-6 weeks of age (LWL) and a control (COL) without adopting any selection for three generations. The effects of lines, generations, sexes and hatches were significant (P&lt; 0.01) on absolute growth rate (AGW) of birds at all the ages were studied barring the influence of sex on body weight at hatch. The least square means of AGW during first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth week of age were 26.38±0. 00±0.33, 37.15±0.57, 38.46±0.62, 29.71±0.62, 17.46 ± 0.54 and 13.11±0.50 g in males and 26.61±0.0.32, 38.43± 0.56, 41.06± 0.60, 34.16±0.61, 25.10±0.53 and 23.63±0.49 g in females, respectively. The AGW of females was found to be significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher than that of males at all the ages studied

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of salt stress callus of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Ethanolic and methanolic salt stress callus extracts of Solanum melongena L. were tested for in vitro antimicrobial and free radical scavenging assayssuch as DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+(2,2\u27Azinobis (3-ethyl benzo-thizoline-6-sulfonic acid) . In both the extracts the zone of inhibition is higher in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureusand Streptococcus pyogenesat 90 µl concentration against the control. The antifungal activity of these extracts also the zone of inhibition is higher at 90 µl concentration against the control. The DPPH activity of different concentration of solvent extracts (1 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml) along with standard ascorbic acid among the five different concentration (50 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml) of extracts tested, the higher percentage of inhibition was observed in 250 µg/ml of methanol extract followed by ethanolic extract against the standard ascorbic acid. In ABTS+ activity the absorbance was increased with the increasing concentrations of both methanolic and ethanolic callus extracts

Design and fabrication of angular post JIG

An objective of the mass production is to increase the productivity and the accuracy. This is done by reducing the set up cost and manual burnouts. Thus mass production can be acquired by the use of jigs.  For large scale production of unlike materials a lot of time is wasted in start of the device and clamping the device. An experimental approach method is regularly practiced until the axis of the hole is properly line up with the axis of the drill. In such a situation a division of time is being wasted to maintain the accuracy. This paper is mainly composed of design and fabrication of the Angular postjig which cover the absolute design to the described dimensions of the work piece and would make the production process easier

3-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-9H-carbazol-1(2H)-one

In the title mol­ecule, C13H13NO, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the fused pyrrole ring is 2.03 (5)°. The methyl group at the 3-position has an equatorial orientation. The cyclo­hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation. Three C atoms of the cyclo­hexene ring, with their attached H atoms, and all atoms of the methyl group are disordered over two positions, the site-occupancy factors being 0.883 (2) and 0.117 (2). In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A C—H⋯π inter­action, involving the benzene ring, is also found

2-(2,3,4,9-Tetra­hydro-1H-carbazol-1-ylidene)propane­dinitrile

In the title mol­ecule, C15H11N3, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the fused pyrrole ring is 1.07 (5)°. The cyclo­hexene ring adopts an envelope conformation: the dicyano­methyl­ene group at position 1 has a coplanar orientation. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. Inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds form an R 2 2(14) ring in the crystal. A C—H⋯π inter­action involving the benzene ring is also found in the structure

PCL-PEG copolymer based injectable thermosensitive hydrogels

A number of stimuli-responsive-based hydrogels has been widely explored in biomedical applications in the last few decades because of their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. The development of synthetic chemistry and materials science leads to the emergence of in situ stimuli-responsive hydrogels. In this regard, several synthetic and natural polymers have been synthesized and utilized to prepare temperature-sensitive in situ forming hydrogels. This could be best used via injections as temperature stimulus could trigger in situ hydrogels gelation and swelling behaviors. There are many smart polymers available for the formulation of the in situ based thermoresponsive injectable hydrogel. Among these, poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymer has been recognized and approved by the FDA for numerous biomedical applications. More specifically, the PCL is coupled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain amphiphilic thermosensitive “smart” copolymers (PCL-PEG), to form rapid and reversible physical gelation behavior. However, the chemical structure of the copolymer is a critical aspect in determining water solubility, thermo-gelation behavior, drug release rate, degradation rate, and the possibility to deliver a diverse range of drugs. In this review, we have highlighted the typical PCL-PEG-based thermosensitive injectable hydrogels progress in the last decade for tissue engineering and localized drug delivery applications to treat various diseases. Additionally, the impact of molecular weight of PCL-PEG upon gelling behavior has also been critically highlighted for optimum hydrogels properties for potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

1-(1-Hy­droxy-8-methyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl)ethanone

The title compound, C15H13NO2, crystallizes with four independent mol­ecules (A, B, C and D) in the asymmetric unit. The carbazole units are almost planar [maximum deviations = 0.015 (3) for A, 0.024 (3) for B, 0.026 (3) for C and 0.046 (3) Å for D]. In all four mol­ecules, there is an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the hy­droxy substituent and the carbonyl O atom of the adjacent acetyl group, which forms a six-membered ring. In the crystal, the four independent mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions