How manipulating task constraints in small-sided and conditioned games shapes emergence of individual and collective tactical behaviours in football: A systematic review

Background: Small-Sided and Conditioned Games are characterised by modifications of field dimensions, number of players, rules of the game, manipulations used to shape the key task constraints that performers need to satisfy in practice. Evidence has already demonstrated the importance of designing practice to enhance understanding of tactical behaviours in football, but there is a lack of information about how coaches can manipulate task constraints to support tactical learning. Objective: To investigate which task constraints have been most often manipulated in studies of SSCGs; and what impact each manipulation had on emerging tactical behaviours, technical–tactical actions, and positional relationships between players. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Academic Google databases were searched for relevant reports without time limits. The criteria adopted for inclusion were: a) studies performed with football players; b) studies that included SSCGs as an evaluation method; c) studies that investigated tactical behaviours in SSCGs; and d), articles in English and Portuguese. Results: The electronic database search included 24 articles in the review. Of these, five manipulated field dimensions, six manipulated number of players involved, five manipulated field dimensions and number of players, five used different scoring targets, two altered the number of players and scoring target, and one manipulated the number of players, field dimension, and scoring target. Conclusion: Among the task constraints analyzed in this systematic review, manipulation of number of players and playing field dimensions concomitantly occurred most frequentl

How manipulating task constraints in small-sided and conditioned games shapes emergence of individual and collective tactical behaviours in football: A systematic review

Background: Small-Sided and Conditioned Games are characterised by modifications of field dimensions, number of players, rules of the game, manipulations used to shape the key task constraints that performers need to satisfy in practice. Evidence has already demonstrated the importance of designing practice to enhance understanding of tactical behaviours in football, but there is a lack of information about how coaches can manipulate task constraints to support tactical learning. Objective: To investigate which task constraints have been most often manipulated in studies of SSCGs; and what impact each manipulation had on emerging tactical behaviours, technical–tactical actions, and positional relationships between players. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Academic Google databases were searched for relevant reports without time limits. The criteria adopted for inclusion were: a) studies performed with football players; b) studies that included SSCGs as an evaluation method; c) studies that investigated tactical behaviours in SSCGs; and d), articles in English and Portuguese. Results: The electronic database search included 24 articles in the review. Of these, five manipulated field dimensions, six manipulated number of players involved, five manipulated field dimensions and number of players, five used different scoring targets, two altered the number of players and scoring target, and one manipulated the number of players, field dimension, and scoring target. Conclusion: Among the task constraints analyzed in this systematic review, manipulation of number of players and playing field dimensions concomitantly occurred most frequentl

Proteases of haematophagous arthropod vectors are involved in blood-feeding, yolk formation and immunity : a review

Ticks, triatomines, mosquitoes and sand flies comprise a large number of haematophagous arthropods considered vectors of human infectious diseases. While consuming blood to obtain the nutrients necessary to carry on life functions, these insects can transmit pathogenic microorganisms to the vertebrate host. Among the molecules related to the blood-feeding habit, proteases play an essential role. In this review, we provide a panorama of proteases from arthropod vectors involved in haematophagy, in digestion, in egg development and in immunity. As these molecules act in central biological processes, proteases from haematophagous vectors of infectious diseases may influence vector competence to transmit pathogens to their prey, and thus could be valuable targets for vectorial control

Vivência da puérpera-adolescente no cuidado do recém-nascido, no domicílio La vivencia de la adolescente durante el puerperio con relación al cuidado del recién nacido en casa The adolescent puerpera's experience of taking care of the newborn at home

Este estudo qualitativo teve o objetivo de compreender como as puérperas-adolescentes vivenciam o cuidado do filho no âmbito domiciliar. Como referencial de análise, empregou-se o conceito de Maternidade e, no tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Participaram do estudo 15 puérperas-adolescentes que ficaram internadas com o recém-nascido na unidade de Alojamento-Conjunto do Hospital Universitário da USP, e que foram entrevistadas após a alta hospitalar. Os resultados evidenciaram a construção diária do ser-mãe-adolescente que direciona o sentimento de segurança diante da superação das dificuldades ao cuidar do recém-nascido. A rede de apoio familiar mostrou-se importante para ajudar a jovem mãe nesta nova fase de sua vida. Ao final do puerpério foi possível constatar que a puérpera-adolescente atende, com competência, as necessidades de higiene, alimentação e afeto do recém-nascido.<br>Estudio cualitativo que tuvo por objetivo comprender como las adolescentes en el puerperio pasan por la vivencia de cuidar de su hijo en casa. Como fundamento de análisis se empleó el concepto de Maternidad, para el análisis de los datos fue utilizado el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Participaron del estudio 15 adolescentes y sus recién nacidos hospitalizados durante el puerperio en el servicio de Alojamiento Conjunto del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad São Paulo, entrevistas realizadas posterior al alta. Los resultados mostraron que la construcción diaria de ser madre-adolescente orienta el sentimiento de seguridad frente a la superación de dificultades cuando se cuida del recién nacido. La red de apoyo familiar fue importante para ayudar a la joven madre en esta nueva etapa de su vida. Al final del puerperio se observó que esta adolescente cuida del recién nacido en cuanto a sus necesidades de higiene, alimentación y afecto competentemente.<br>This qualitative study aimed to understand how the adolescent puerperae experience caring for their child at home. The Maternity concept was used as the reference for the analysis and the method based on the Collective Subject Speech was used to analyse the data. Fifteen adolescent puerperae participated in the study. They were all in the rooming-in of the USP University Hospital with their child. The interviews were performed after the adolescent mothers were discharged from the hospital. The results showed an everyday building process concerning the role of being an adolescent mother, which leads to a feeling of security in view of the difficulties related to caring for the newborn. Family support was considered important to help the young mother during this new phase of her life. In the end of the puerperium, it was possible to realize that the adolescent puerperae was able to meet the newborn's needs concerning hygiene, feeding, and affection