El papel de la caracterización mineralógica y geoquímica en el estudio de las culturas antiguas: Ejemplos de excavaciones españolas en Oriente

Los constituyentes inorgánicos de los materiales arqueológicos están formados por minerales y rocas, o bien productos resultantes de su transformación tecnológica. La correcta caracterización de minerales y rocas permite al arqueólogo e historiador obtener una información importante para establecer su origen y uso, pero también la tecnología empleada. La actividad arqueológica facilita, además, conocer la estratigrafía y cronología de los acontecimientos, lo que permite al geólogo establecer las condiciones paleoambientales de su depósito. En el estudio del entorno y de los materiales de los yacimientos adquieren relevancia la Geoarqueología y la Arqueometría. En las siguientes secciones se describe, de forma sintética, qué son los minerales y rocas, cómo se identifican y, finalmente, varios ejemplos de aplicación en yacimientos de Siria y la península arábigaThe inorganic constituents of archaeological materials consist of minerals and rocks, or products resulting from their technological transformation. The correct characterization of minerals and rocks allows the archaeologist and historian to acquire important information to establish their origin and use, but also the technology applied. Archaeological activity also makes it easier to determine the stratigraphy and chronology of events, allowing the geologist to establish the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the deposit. Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry acquire relevance in the study of the environment and materials of the sites. The following sections describe, in a synthetic way, the minerals and rocks, as they are identified, and finally several examples of application in archaeological sites in Syria and the Arabian Peninsul

Estudio mineralógico de materiales detríticos del terciario de La Unión (Murcia)

Se han estudiado materiales detríticos del terciario de La Unión (Murcia), en base a un sondeo que ha cortado una serie litológica de 130 m. de potencia pudiéndose distinguir dos tramos. Uno inferior (38.5 m.) de carácter pelítico compuesto de clorita, cuarzo y ligeros indicios de feldespato; y uno superior (82 m.) constituido por margas calcáreas cuyos componentes mineralógicos son mica, clorita, cuarzo, feldespato y calcita. Ambos niveles incluyen sendas intercalaciones correspondientes a conglomerados polimícticos. El tramo inferior ha sido especialmente mineralizado estando la asociación metálica constituida por esfalerita, marcasita, pirita, galena y calcopirita. La mineralización aparece fundamentalmente rellenando fracturas e impregnando poros y fisuras. El estudio pirolítico de la materia orgánica muestra un bajo poder generador de hidrocarburos para estos sedimentos.In the tertiary detrital sediments from La Unión (Murcia, Spain), based on the study of a drill hole which cuts through 130 m. of these materials, two stratigraphic units have been established. The lower member is composed of chlorite, quartz and felspar traces. It corresponds to a clayey rock. The upper member are calcareous marls with the following mineralogical composition: chlorite, mica, quartz, feldspar and calcite. Both members include several polimictic conglomerates. Lower unit has specially been mineralized with sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, calchopyrite and galena. Ore minerals occur filling up fractures, pores and fisures. The pyrolitic study of organic matter shows a low potential of these sediments as hidrocarbon source

Ostracods as palaeoenvironmental tracers: evolution of the southern area of the Doñana National Park from the lower Pliocene to recent

El estudio de los materiales geológicos y las asociaciones de ostrácodos presentes en un testigo largo obtenido en el sur del Parque Nacional de Doñana (SO de España) permite inferir una evolución paleoambiental desde medios marinos someros (Plioceno Inferior) hasta un lagoon salobre (Pleistoceno Superior-Holoceno) y la implantación de sistemas eólicos (<1.900 años BP), con un estadio intermedio aluvial durante la mayor parte del Pleistoceno. En el Holoceno Superior, se detecta un evento tsunami- génico caracterizado por la erosión de sedimentos eólicos y su depósito sobre medios submarealesThe analysis of the geological units and the ostracod assemblages of a long core collected in the southern Doñana National Park (SW Spain) permits to deduce an evolution from shallow marine palaeoenvironments (Lower Pliocene) to a brackish lagoon (Upper Pleistocene-Holocene) and the deposit of aeolian sediments (<1900 yr BP), with an intermediate alluvial stage during the Pleistocene. In the Late Holocene, a tsunamigenic event was detected, with the erosion of aeolian sediments and a subsequent deposit on subtidal environment

Distribution, dedimentology and origin of mineralogical assemblages from a continental na-bentonite deposit in the Cretaceous Neuquén Basin (Argentina)

Collected samples of bentonite and associated facies from the Justina deposit of Cretaceous age (Anacleto Formation) have been studied. Facies analysis, mineralogical, and geochemical studies have been carried out using several techniques, including: XRD, FTIR, DTA-TGA, microscopy (OM, SEM-EDX), and chemical analysis. The deposit occurs in a shallow, saline lacustrine environment developed over a fluvial floodplain, with a thickness between 0.21 and 0.8 m intercalated between fine-grained siliciclastic facies. Three mineral assemblages were found. In assemblage 1, the bentonite has low content of detrital minerals and the smectite is sodic. In assemblage 2, the bentonite shows the occurrence of minor analcime and mica, slightly higher detrital mineral content and the smectite is sodic to sodic-calcic. The associated detrital facies (assemblage 3) is dominated by illite and a mixed layer of illite and calcic smectite (R0), subordinately kaolinite + chlorite, and locally low-ordered smectite. As inherited minerals are found: quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, illite-mica, heavy minerals (monazite, zircon, apatite, titanomagnetite) and volcanic rock fragments (andesite, glass). Authigenic minerals are: sodium smectite, analcime, barite, celestine, gypsum, and hematite. A model for the formation of authigenic minerals is proposed, highlighting the formation of sodic smectite from the alteration of volcanic glass of trachyandesitic compositio

Unique times, unequal mobilities: Daily mobility during the de‐escalation of the COVID‐19 pandemic

European Research Council, Grant/Award Number: 740113; Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: P20_00572; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, Grant/Award Number: PID2020‐119569GA‐I00; Universidad de Granada/CBUAScholars have highlighted drastic reductions in daily mobility during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. But what happened when restrictions were relaxed though risk remained ubiquitous? How did patterns of mobility change and how were they structured by socioeconomic resources and social roles? We address these questions using a cross-sectional representative sample (n = 2942) of the population of Andalusia, Spain, after a month and a half of severe lockdown in 2020. We find that older people were the least mobile group and that people living with children and in extended households were less likely to move to take care of others, unlike before the pandemic. Men were more likely to carry out daily mobilities for which women had been traditionally responsible, such as care mobilities. Women were also more likely to be immobile and less likely to commute. Finally, manual and nonqualified workers were more likely to commute, but they were just as likely as any other group to carry out other types of mobility. These results highlight the social character of mobility in a unique context. We emphasize the need to disaggregate daily mobility based on different purposes as well analysing how these are practised by different sociodemographic groups if we want to provide rigorous descriptions of a core component of individuals' daily life.European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 740113Junta de Andalucia P20_00572Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government PID2020-119569GA-I00Universidad de Granada/CBU

Bullying among Teens: Are Ethnicity and Race Risk Factors for Victimization? A Bibliometric Research

Bullying is a problematic situation that negatively affects thousands of children and adolescents in today’s world. The multicultural society resulting from globalization has caused different reactions throughout society. In the school context, some authors indicate that ethnicity and race are risk factors for being victims of bullying. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to analyze the scientific production on racial or ethnic bullying with the greatest impact at present, considering nine variables: Publication date, authors, organizations, countries, journals, type of document, area of research, language, and reference with more impact (cites). We conducted a bibliometric study through systematic review, documentary quantification, and data visualization techniques. We analyzed 831 documents, with a notable increase in recent years (2011–2019), highlighting the production from Dewey Cornell (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA). On the other hand, the results showed that ethnic identity constitutes a differential factor in harassment appearing, accompanied by very poor socio-economic and cultural levels favoring depressive tendencies and drug consumption in the ethnic harassed. In short, bullying has a negative impact both physically and psychologically on the victims. For this reason, we must continue to work from the school context to eradicate the situation that is affecting more and more people

The social fabric of leadership. A study of teachers’ collaboration networks in primary schools

Este artículo analizará la red social que configura el profesorado en seis centros de educación primaria andaluces, así como la modalidad de distribución del liderazgo que aparece en cada una de las redes. Nuestro propósito al utilizar la metodología de Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) en el marco de un proyecto más amplio sobre alcance y patrones de distribución del liderazgo en los centros escolares era conocer mejor la trama de relaciones sociales que sustenta al liderazgo escolar. Para ello elaboramos y administramos al profesorado participante un Cuestionario sobre la Red Social del Centro Escolar (CURSO) en el que se indaga sobre las relaciones docentes en cuatro ámbitos: enseñanza, gestión escolar, convivencia y apoyo individual. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa UCINET. El análisis se realizó a partir del grado de centralidad de los actores implicados en cada red, así como de varias propiedades estructurales de las mismas como su densidad, centralización y número y composición de los cliques o grupos participantes. Los resultados nos permitieron identificar diversas configuraciones relevantes del liderazgo escolar: focalizado, múltiple, alternativo y sin-liderazgo. Finalmente se aportan algunas conclusiones sobre la relevancia de la metodología de análisis de redes sociales para el estudio del liderazgoThis paper will analyse the social network emerging from teachers’ relationships in six Andalusian primary schools, and will identify the leadership distribution pattern of each network. Our aim using Social Network Analysis methodology in the framework of a wider research project about patterns and scope of school leadership distribution was to better know the web of social relationships that sustain school leadership. To do this, a School Social Network Questionnaire was designed and administered to the whole staff of the participating schools. The questionnaire included questions regarding four areas: teaching, school management, social relationships and personal support. Data collected were analysed by means of UCINET software. The analysis focused both on the actors’ centrality degree and several structural properties of the networks, such as their density, centralisation, and the number and composition of the cliques or groups participants. The results allowed the research team to identify some relevant patterns of school leadership: focused, multiple, alternative, and leadership void. Finally some conclusions are presented about the relevance of social network analysis in leadership studie