The Inorganic Geochemistry Of Two Western Us Coals: Emery Coal Field, Utah And Powder River Coal Field, Wyoming

The inorganic geochemistry of coals from the Cretaceous, Emery Coal Field, Utah and the Paleocene, Powder River Coal Field, Wyoming have been determined using XRF, various neutron activation techniques and SEM/EDS. Differences in deposition environments for the two coal deposits results in a higher ash content in the Utah coal (avg., 8.2%) relative to the Wyoming coal (avg., 4.4%). The Utah coal contains higher concentrations of 27 of the 40 elements detected in both coals. The geochemistry of overburden and clinker associated with the Wyoming coal and Fe-sulfide nodules (selected elements) from within the Utah coal is also reported.;Specific mineral phases within the two coals have been identified using SEM/EDS. Discrete grains contained in the surfaces of pellets prepared from crushed whole coal were analyzed and their mineralogies determined based on stoichiometry.;The oxidation of Fe-sulfide to hydrous Fe-sulfates is documented. Paragenesis results in szomolnokite developing on clean Fe-sulfide while halotrichite is the typical secondary phase which forms in the presence of clays.;The environmental aspects of coal utilization are discussed. A new term, The Effective Coal Concentration (ECC) is proposed to better assess the amounts of potentially harmful (as well as economically important) elements released to the environment as a result of coal utilization.;Some new conclusions regarding the organic/inorganic affinities of the elements are presented based on the physicochemical nature of the element at the time of emplacement. Elements with ionic potentials (IP) {dollar}\u3e{dollar} 0.05 tend to favor organic association while elements with IP {dollar}\u3c{dollar} 0.05 tend towards inorganic combination. Elements which exhibit multiple oxidation states with resulting IP values above and below 0.05 show the largest variations in organic/inorganic affinity

Public Attitudes on State Election Administration, Goals, and Reforms*

While few would disagree that elections serve a fundamental role in democracy, there is considerable debate regarding the rules by which elections should be conducted. State and local officials responsible for carrying out elections face difficult challenges, and often must work to achieve what many view are two competing aims: increasing voter turnout and minimizing voter fraud

The impact of a high versus a low glycaemic index breakfast cereal meal on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents

In this study, healthy adolescents consumed a) a low glycaemic index (G.I.) breakfast cereal meal, or b) a high G.I. breakfast cereal meal, before completing a test of verbal episodic memory in which the memory materials were encoded under conditions of divided attention. Analysis of remembering/forgetting indices revealed that the High G.I. breakfast group remembered significantly more items relative to the Low G.I. breakfast group after a long delay. The superior performance observed in the High G.I. group, relative to the Low G.I. group, may be due to the additional glucose availability provided by the high G.I. meal at the time of memory encoding. This increased glucose availability may be necessary for effective encoding under dual task conditions

Confederate Federalism: A View From the Governors

ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: CONFEDERATE FEDERALISM: A VIEW FROM THE GOVERNORS Michael Albert Powell, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Herman J. Belz Department of History Examination of Confederate federalism to date generally has emphasized one of two interpretations: that the Confederacy either "died of state rights" or that the Confederacy, because of the war-time demands, created a government at least as centralized as the Union, if not more so. This dissertation argues that the reality was much more complex. Confederate federalism consisted of three phases. The first, or the cooperative, phase was represented by a high degree of cooperation between the states and central government and lasted from the formation of the Confederacy until the spring of 1862. The governors freely provided troops, arms, and equipment to both the Confederacy and each other with minimal conflict over constitutional lines of authority. The second phase, from the spring of 1862 to the fall of 1864, was marked by conflict between the states and the Davis administration, with the differences resolved through negotiated compromises. While conscription was a war-time necessity, compromises were negotiated between the governors and the Davis administration over exemptions, use of state courts in deciding the constitutionality of conscription, and changes in the law itself. Impressment and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus were recognized by the governors as legitimate constitutional powers of the central government, but limitations were negotiated with respect to their enforcement. Lastly, fiscal policies were deemed by the governors to fall within the sphere of the Confederacy's constitutional authority and therefore beyond the scope of gubernatorial authority. The final phase of Confederate federalism, from the fall of 1864 until the end of the war in the spring of 1865, witnessed the states struggling for survival and the collapse of the Confederacy. The governors sought to keep troops and supplies for their states and to suppress or control local peace initiatives in an unsuccessful effort to win the war