85 research outputs found

    Evaluation of passive sampling for regulatory monitoring of aquatic environments : application for the contamination in pesticides and in elements track metallic of the ponds hillsides of Trec and of the AuvézÚre

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    Parce qu’ils sont peu coĂ»teux, faciles d’utilisation, et surtout trĂšs efficaces, les pesticides sont devenus une composante majeure de l’agriculture moderne et se sont imposĂ©s dans de nombreuses activitĂ©s urbaines et domestiques. Ces molĂ©cules se retrouvent aujourd’hui dans tous les compartiments de l’environnement notamment dans les milieux aquatiques. Le suivi resserrĂ© des substances actives et de leurs rĂ©sidus, prĂ©sents dans l’environnement Ă  des concentrations potentiellement dommageables pour les Ă©cosystĂšmes, apparaĂźt aujourd’hui comme une nĂ©cessitĂ©. L’application de la Directive cadre sur l’eau, l’une des principales rĂ©glementations europĂ©enne ciblant les eaux, requiert des techniques d’échantillonnage et d’analyse performantes, alliant haute sensibilitĂ©, facilitĂ© de mise Ɠuvre, coĂ»ts abordables, et surtout prĂ©cision et fiabilitĂ©. Actuellement, la mĂ©thodologie employĂ©e consiste en des prĂ©lĂšvements ponctuels d’eau Ă  pas de temps lĂąche (une fois par mois en gĂ©nĂ©ral) suivi de l’analyse en laboratoire. Cette approche souffre d’un manque de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© temporelle, couplĂ©e Ă  une sensibilitĂ© analytique souvent peu satisfaisante. Les techniques d’échantillonnage passif dĂ©veloppĂ©es au cours des 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es pourraient ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es dans les rĂ©seaux de surveillance rĂ©glementaires afin de pallier ces manques, mais des questions subsistent encore quant Ă  leur opĂ©rationnalitĂ©. Ces travaux de thĂšse visent Ă  dĂ©velopper puis tester les Ă©chantillonneurs passifs sur le terrain afin de dĂ©terminer leur adĂ©quation avec les exigences de la Directive cadre sur l’Eau, et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, mettre en Ă©vidence les principaux verrous scientifiques rĂ©siduels. L’originalitĂ© de ce travail rĂ©side dans:- la variĂ©tĂ© des outils Ă©valuĂ©s : trois Ă©chantillonneurs diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s (Le Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), le Chemcatcher et le Diffusive Gradient in Thin film (DGT). Les mĂ©thodes classiques de prĂ©lĂšvement ponctuels ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre.- la variĂ©tĂ© des environnements Ă©tudiĂ©s : deux bassins versant trĂšs diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s, l’un prĂ©sentant une contamination en pesticides forte, l’autre une contamination modĂ©rĂ©e.- La mise en en Ɠuvre des Ă©chantillonneurs passifs dans un rĂ©el contexte rĂ©glementaire, les cours d’eau choisis faisant l’objet d’un contrĂŽle opĂ©rationnel. Les donnĂ©es acquises avec les Ă©chantillonneurs passifs ont ainsi pu ĂȘtre comparĂ©es avec les suivis de l’Agence de l’Eau.The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture and urban activities since the 1950s has led to diffuse contamination of environmental compartments (air, soil, water). The presence of these molecules can lead to toxic effects for biota. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the use of an efficient monitoring network, based on reliable sampling and analytical techniques. Nowadays, grab sampling followed by extraction of analytes and chromatographic analysis is the most widespread strategy because of its simplicity of implementation but it also has numerous drawbacks. The crux of the issue lies in the lack of temporal representativeness and the low analytical sensibility. An alternative strategy to overcome some of these problems could be the use of passive samplers. This contribution aims at discuss about the possible application of passive samplers in regulatory monitoring programs. The originality of this work lies in :The variety of tested devices: three different samplers was studied (The Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), the Chemcatcher and the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film (DGT). Conventional grab sampling strategies were also evaluated.The variety of studied environments: two very different watersheds were selected. The first one presented a high level of contamination; the second had a low contamination in pesticides.The implementation of passive samplers in a real regulatory context, as the selected streams were monitored by the Water Agency for operational control. Data from the Water Agency could therefore be compared with passive sampler data

    Helioseismic diagnostics of solar dynamics in the near-surface layers

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    This thesis proposes to develop new helioseismic diagnostics of solar near-surface flows. In a first part, we discuss the interaction of solar seismic waves (sound waves) with small-scale turbulent convection. The treatment of the effect of turbulent convection on waves is challenging because it involves all spatial and temporal scales. We consider several effective-medium approximations used to describe the propagation of acoustic waves through solar granulation and compare these approximations with numerical simulations. For large-amplitude perturbations, we find that the Keller approximation is best suited to estimate the effective wave speed and attenuation. While the temporal evolution of granulation may be ignored when estimating the effective wave speed, it must be taken into account in the computation of the attenuation. In addition, late arrival waves due to multiple scattering (coda waves) are seen in the simulations in the variance of the wave field.  This work will help improve our understanding of the physics of the modes of solar oscillations, and contributes to the interpretation of global and local helioseismology observations. In a second part, we study near-surface local flows around solar active regions. These active-region inflows are important because they contribute to the observed solar-cycle changes in the longitudinal average of the solar meridional circulation.  Using measurements of the inflows with a granulation tracking method and a model for their depth dependence, we solve the forward problem of time-distance helioseismology to estimate their contribution to the observed helioseismic travel times.  In the granulation-tracking maps, the inflows contribute up to ±7\pm 7 m/s to the surface meridional flow, which is about 50%50\% of its amplitude. We find however that the travel-time perturbations associated with near-surface active-region flows do not explain in full the solar-cycle variations observed in the seismic data. This work paves the way for correcting the travel times for the near-surface flows, in order to probe the cycle variations of the meridional flow at depth.2022-02-1

    Etude de l’échantillonnage intĂ©gratif passif pour l’évaluation rĂ©glementaire de la qualitĂ© des milieux aquatiques : application Ă  la contamination en pesticides et en Ă©lĂ©ments trace mĂ©talliques des bassins versants du Trec et de l’AuvĂ©zĂšre

    No full text
    The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture and urban activities since the 1950s has led to diffuse contamination of environmental compartments (air, soil, water). The presence of these molecules can lead to toxic effects for biota. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the use of an efficient monitoring network, based on reliable sampling and analytical techniques. Nowadays, grab sampling followed by extraction of analytes and chromatographic analysis is the most widespread strategy because of its simplicity of implementation but it also has numerous drawbacks. The crux of the issue lies in the lack of temporal representativeness and the low analytical sensibility. An alternative strategy to overcome some of these problems could be the use of passive samplers. This contribution aims at discuss about the possible application of passive samplers in regulatory monitoring programs. The originality of this work lies in :The variety of tested devices: three different samplers was studied (The Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), the Chemcatcher and the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film (DGT). Conventional grab sampling strategies were also evaluated.The variety of studied environments: two very different watersheds were selected. The first one presented a high level of contamination; the second had a low contamination in pesticides.The implementation of passive samplers in a real regulatory context, as the selected streams were monitored by the Water Agency for operational control. Data from the Water Agency could therefore be compared with passive sampler data.Parce qu’ils sont peu coĂ»teux, faciles d’utilisation, et surtout trĂšs efficaces, les pesticides sont devenus une composante majeure de l’agriculture moderne et se sont imposĂ©s dans de nombreuses activitĂ©s urbaines et domestiques. Ces molĂ©cules se retrouvent aujourd’hui dans tous les compartiments de l’environnement notamment dans les milieux aquatiques. Le suivi resserrĂ© des substances actives et de leurs rĂ©sidus, prĂ©sents dans l’environnement Ă  des concentrations potentiellement dommageables pour les Ă©cosystĂšmes, apparaĂźt aujourd’hui comme une nĂ©cessitĂ©. L’application de la Directive cadre sur l’eau, l’une des principales rĂ©glementations europĂ©enne ciblant les eaux, requiert des techniques d’échantillonnage et d’analyse performantes, alliant haute sensibilitĂ©, facilitĂ© de mise Ɠuvre, coĂ»ts abordables, et surtout prĂ©cision et fiabilitĂ©. Actuellement, la mĂ©thodologie employĂ©e consiste en des prĂ©lĂšvements ponctuels d’eau Ă  pas de temps lĂąche (une fois par mois en gĂ©nĂ©ral) suivi de l’analyse en laboratoire. Cette approche souffre d’un manque de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© temporelle, couplĂ©e Ă  une sensibilitĂ© analytique souvent peu satisfaisante. Les techniques d’échantillonnage passif dĂ©veloppĂ©es au cours des 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es pourraient ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es dans les rĂ©seaux de surveillance rĂ©glementaires afin de pallier ces manques, mais des questions subsistent encore quant Ă  leur opĂ©rationnalitĂ©. Ces travaux de thĂšse visent Ă  dĂ©velopper puis tester les Ă©chantillonneurs passifs sur le terrain afin de dĂ©terminer leur adĂ©quation avec les exigences de la Directive cadre sur l’Eau, et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, mettre en Ă©vidence les principaux verrous scientifiques rĂ©siduels. L’originalitĂ© de ce travail rĂ©side dans:- la variĂ©tĂ© des outils Ă©valuĂ©s : trois Ă©chantillonneurs diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s (Le Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), le Chemcatcher et le Diffusive Gradient in Thin film (DGT). Les mĂ©thodes classiques de prĂ©lĂšvement ponctuels ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre.- la variĂ©tĂ© des environnements Ă©tudiĂ©s : deux bassins versant trĂšs diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s, l’un prĂ©sentant une contamination en pesticides forte, l’autre une contamination modĂ©rĂ©e.- La mise en en Ɠuvre des Ă©chantillonneurs passifs dans un rĂ©el contexte rĂ©glementaire, les cours d’eau choisis faisant l’objet d’un contrĂŽle opĂ©rationnel. Les donnĂ©es acquises avec les Ă©chantillonneurs passifs ont ainsi pu ĂȘtre comparĂ©es avec les suivis de l’Agence de l’Eau

    It gets in

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    Limited edition screenprint of advertisement for toothpaste. Edition 2/7, signed in lower right and dated 1983

    L'Ă©Ìchantillonnage passif pour le suivi rĂ©glementaire de la contamination en pesticides des eaux de surface: intĂ©rĂȘt et limites

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    National audiencePesticides have been used in agriculture and urban activities since the 1950s because they are cheap, easy to use and very efficient. But this intensive use has led to diffuse contamination of environmental compartments (air, soil, water). The presence of these molecules can lead to toxic effects for biota or affect human use of water. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the use of an efficient monitoring network, based on reliable sampling and analytical techniques. Nowadays, grab sampling followed by extraction of analytes and chromatographic analysis is the most widespread strategy because of its simplicity of implementation but it also has numerous drawbacks. The crux of the issue lies in the lack of temporal representativeness and the low analytical sensitivity. An alternative strategy to overcome some of these problems could be the use of passive samplers. This contribution aims at discussing the possible application of passive samplers in regulatory monitoring programs. After a brief review of the regulatory aspects of the WFD and the main characteristics of passive samplers, two examples of the implementation of a passive sampler (Polar organic chemical integrative sampler or Pocis) in the field are detailed. These field studies showed that Pocis can be adapted to the two components of the WFD, namely surveillance control and operational control, although some regulatory or technical adjustments are still needed. Passive sampling could therefore be used in addition to current practices fora better monitoring of surface water quality. © 2018 Assoc. Generale des Hygienistes et Techniciens Municipaux. All rights reserved

    Evaluation des sources de contaminants organiques dans les matiĂšres en suspension du bassin du RhĂŽne

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    Ce rapport s’intĂšgre dans les travaux de l’Observatoire des SĂ©diments du RhĂŽne, et a pour objet l’étude des sources d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et de polychlorobiphĂ©nyles indicateurs (PCBi) dans les matiĂšres en suspension (MES) prĂ©levĂ©es dans les cours d’eau du bassin du RhĂŽne. Deux stations de prĂ©lĂšvements de MES situĂ©es sur le RhĂŽne (Ă  Arles et Jons) et quatre stations situĂ©es sur certains affluents (Arve, Bourbre, Gier, SaĂŽne) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies mises en oeuvre (ratios de diagnostic, Ă©volution des profils de distribution, classification ascendante hiĂ©rarchique couplĂ©e Ă  une analyse factorielle discriminante) ont permis de montrer que les principales sources d’émission de HAP sur ces stations sont en lien avec le trafic routier et le chauffage rĂ©sidentiel. Sur le bassin de la Bourbre, les MES se caractĂ©risent par la prĂ©sence plus importante de HAP lourds d’origine pyrolytique. A Arles l’activitĂ© d’un incinĂ©rateur d’ordures mĂ©nagĂšres proche de la station de mesure pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine de l’enrichissement des MES en fluoranthĂšne. L’étude des relations entre la somme des HAP et des PCBi suggĂšre que ces contaminants proviendraient de sources distinctes. Des recherches approfondies sont donc nĂ©cessaires pour identifier l’origine des PCBi sur le bassin du RhĂŽne
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