Microstructure evolution of gold thin films under spherical indentation for micro switches contact applications

RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Micro Electro Mechanical System) switches are promising devices but their gold-on-gold contacts, assimilated for this work to a sphere / plane contact, represent a major reliability issue. A first step towards failure mechanism understanding is the investigation of the contact metal microstructure evolution under static and cyclic loading. After static and cyclic loading of sputtered gold thin films under spherical indentation, high resolution Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) is used to investigate contact area. Grain rotation against {111} fiber texture of 1 μm thick sputtered gold thin film is a signature of plastic deformation. Grain rotation is observed above 1.6 mN under static loading by a spherical diamond indenter with 50 μm tip radius. A heterogeneity in grain rotation is observed corresponding to a more important plastic deformation in the middle of the indent than at the edge. A 30° Grain rotation is observed for a half million mechanical cycles under 300 μN load by a spherical gold tip (20 μm radius) due to cyclic work hardening. The same test in hot switching mode induces a grain growth in the contact area. Therefore thermal effects occurring during hot switching are underline

Een bijzonder laatmiddeleeuws ensemble van leerresten uit een beerput langs de Spanjaardstraat in Brugge.

Eind september 1996 werd door de Stedelijke Archeologische Dienst van Brugge een noodopgraving uitgevoerd op de terreinen van het Sint-Franciscus Xaveriusziekenhuis. Archeologische resten werden aangetroffen binnen een bouwblok omsloten door de Spaanse Loskaai, de Spanjaardstraat, de Woensdagmarkt en het Oosterlingenplein. Ondanks de grote mate van verstoring bleken verschillende archeologische structuren bewaard. Het betreft onder meer een zware bakstenen muur met een noordwest-zuidoost oriëntatie. Deze vormde de achtergevel van een laatmiddeleeuws monumentaal pand gelegen langs de Spanjaardstraat. Vanaf 1494 deed dit complex dienst als het Spaanse Natiehuis van Castilië en Leon. Ten oosten van deze muur werden drie beerputten, waarbij beerput 3 mogelijk een bijzonder zicht biedt op de Spaanse aanwezigheid in laatmiddeleeuws Brugge. Bij het onderzoek van de vulling bleek lokale huisraad uit de late 14de en de eerste helft van de 15de eeuw gemengd met bijzondere, zuiderse aardewerkimporten, glazen alambieken, sporen van allerhande mineralen en heel wat leren voorwerpen. Deze laatste vormen het onderwerp van dit onderzoeksrapport. Ondanks de beperkte omvang van het ensemble leerresten kunnen toch enkele bijzondere vaststellingen gedaan worden

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Ocean-liner ceramics : a Red Star Line assemblage in Antwerp, Belgium

In contrast to what films such as Titanic would have people believe, scientific knowledge about ocean liners is fairly limited. These boats and their material culture, however, functioned as symbols of modernity par excellence and thus allow a better understanding of the advent of a new world at the turn of the 20th century. The focus of this article is a ceramic assemblage from the Red Star Line, the shipping company that transported some two million migrants from Antwerp (Belgium) to the United States between 1873 and 1934. The analysis of this material provides new insights into the furnishings and daily life aboard these ships. Moreover, the possible reuse of these maritime objects ashore forms a basis for a discussion of the ways in which ordinary people entered into the modern world using material culture and to what extent they might have embraced the values associated with these mass-produced goods

Notes on the quantification of post-medieval pottery in the Low Countries: pottery quantification in the Low Countries

The quantification of material culture can make a significant contribution to the answering of social and behavioural questions. However, especially in continental Europe, this aspect of pottery studies remains understudied. In the following article, a status quaestionis of the quantification of post-medieval ceramics in the Low Countries is given. The author hopes to stimulate methodological and theoretical debate by comparing several available methods, using an 18th-century deposit from the abbey at Clairefontaine, Belgium. In so doing, some important insights are obtained into the relative merits of different quantification systems, and recommendations are made for future work