Zaburzenia czynności układu wegetatywnego w chorobach układu pozapiramidowego

Zaburzenia czynności układu wegetatywnego mogą wystąpić w przebiegu wielu chorób neurozwyrodnieniowych. Najczęściej są one spotykane w zaniku wieloukładowym, chorobie Parkinsona oraz niekiedy także w postępującym porażeniu nadjądrowym oraz otępieniu z rozsianymi ciałami Lewy’ego. Stwierdzenie tych zaburzeń często stanowi także element diagnostyki różnicowej wymienionych zespołów. Wczesne wykrycie zaburzeń układu autonomicznego może zatem nie tylko ułatwiać rozpoznanie choroby, ale także prowadzić do włączenia odpowiedniego leczenia objawowego. Obserwacje chorych potwierdzają, że główne problemy wpływające na jakość ich życia wiążą się przede wszystkim z nieprawidłową funkcją układu autonomicznego, czyli hipotonią ortostatyczną, nietrzymaniem moczu, dysfagią, zaparciami. Ponadto mogą one niekiedy powodować stany zagrażające życiu. Świadomość występowania zaburzeń układu autonomicznego oraz możliwość ich wczesnej diagnostyki powinna stanowić istotny element postępowania zarówno w stosunku do chorych na chorobę Parkinsona, jak i pacjentów prezentujących cechy parkinsonizmu atypowego

Dopa-responsive dystonia or early-onset Parkinson disease – Genotype–phenotype correlation

Objective Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is a rare form of hereditary movement disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by gait difficulties due to postural dystonia with marked improvement after low doses of levodopa. Mutations in the GCH1 gene are the most common cause of DRD, however, in some cases when the disease is associated with parkinsonism mutations in the PARK2 gene may be identified. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare genotype–phenotype correlation. Material/participants Four families with inter- and intrafamilial variability of progressive gait dysfunction due to lower limb dystonia occurring in childhood or adolescence were included in the analysis. Methods General and neurological examination was performed for all affected family members and asymptomatic mutation carriers. The molecular analysis encompassed GCH1 and PARK2 genes. Results All probands were clinically diagnosed with DRD. The molecular analysis revealed, however, that the dopa-responsive dystonia phenotype was caused by a mutation in the GCH1 gene in three families and in the PARK2 gene in one family. Obtained results allowed to establish the final diagnosis for all families as DYT5a or early-onset Parkinson disease (EO-PD). Conclusions Reported cases confirm that the DRD phenotype may have heterogeneous genetic background and may be caused by point mutations or rearrangements in the GCH1 gene as well as in the PARK2 gene. Differential diagnosis and genetic tests covering the analysis of genes causative for DRD and EO-PD should be obligatory in both disorders diagnostics as DRD, mainly adolescent onset dystonia, may be associated with parkinsonism

Electrophysiological and clinical assessment of dysautonomia in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): a comparative study

Clinical rationale for the study. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement in different parkinsonian syndromes has been frequently discussed. It is well established in multiple system atrophy (MSA), whereas it is less evident in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Aims of the study. The aims were to assess the presence and pattern of ANS involvement in MSA and PSP using noninvasive tests i.e. the sympathetic skin response (SSR) test and the R-R interval variation (RRIV) test; to analyse the relationship between clinical and electrophysiological abnormalities in both disorders; and to assess whether an autonomic profile might help to differentiate them. Materials and methods. Clinical and electrophysiological assessments of dysautonomia were performed in 59 patients with MSA (24 cases of MSA-C and 35 cases of MSA-P), these 59 cases including 31 females, mean disease duration 4.2 ± 2.7 years, mean age 60.3 ± 8.4 years, and in 37 patients with PSP (12 females, mean disease duration 4.6 ± 3.6 years, mean age 67.5 ± 6.1 years) and the results were compared to the results obtained from 23 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Results. Clinical dysautonomia assessed by an Autonomic Symptoms Questionnaire was observed in 97% of the MSA patients and in 84% of the PSP patients. SSR was abnormal in 64% and RRIV was abnormal in 73% of MSA cases. In PSP cases, these figures were 78% and 81% respectively. Dysautonomia was clinically more pronounced in MSA compared to PSP (p < 0.05), whereas electrophysiological testing revealed frequently subclinical ANS damage in PSP patients. Conclusions and clinical implications. Our results point to the complementary role of electrophysiological tests in the diagnostic work-up of dysautonomia in parkinsonian syndromes

Andersen-Tawil syndrome: report of 3 novel mutations and high risk of symptomatic cardiac involvement.

IntroductionAndersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is a potassium channelopathy affecting cardiac and skeletal muscle. Periodic paralysis is a presenting symptom in some patients, whereas, in others, symptomatic arrhythmias or prolongation of QT in echocardiographic recordings will lead to diagnosis of ATS. Striking intrafamilial variability of expression of KCNJ2 mutations and rarity of the syndrome may lead to misdiagnosis.MethodsWe report 15 patients from 8 Polish families with ATS, including 3 with novel KCNJ2 mutations.ResultsAll patients had dysmorphic features; periodic paralysis affected males more frequently than females (80% vs. 20%), and most attacks were normokalemic. Two patients (with T75M and T309I mutations) had aborted sudden cardiac death. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was utilized in 40% of cases.ConclusionsKCNJ2 mutations cause a variable phenotype, with dysmorphic features seen in all patients studied, a high penetrance of periodic paralysis in males and ventricular arrhythmia with a risk of sudden cardiac death

Clinical and neuroimaging correlation of movement disorders in multiple sclerosis : case series and review of the literature

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, in which movement disorders (MD) have been reported very rarely. Anatomopathological studies of MS indicate two main processes: inflammation and neurodegeneration. The occurrence of the movement disorders symptoms in MS revises the question of aetiology of these two diseases. During the 10 years of observation in our out-patient clinic and MS units we examined about 2500 patients with clinically definite MS diagnosed according to the revised McDonald’s criteria. Only in 10 cases we found coexistence of MS and MD signs. Below we present rare cases of patients with coexistence of MS and chorea, pseudoathetosis, dystonia and parkinsonism. Searching for the strategic focal lesion in our case series showed demyelinating plaques placed in the thalamus most often. Detailed analysis of the clinical, pharmacological and neuroimaging correlations may help to explain the character of movement disorders in MS

Czy wszystkie preparaty toksyny botulinowej typu A są takie same? Porównanie trzech preparatów toksyny botulinowej typu A w zarejestrowanych wskazaniach w neurologii

W ostatnim czasie lista klinicznych zastosowań toksyny botulinowej typu A (BTX-A) znacznie się wydłużyła. Substancja ta stała się narzędziem w rękach neurologów, lekarzy rehabilitacji, urologów, proktologów, migrenologów czy kosmetologów. Zwiększyła się także liczba produkowanych preparatów BTX-A. Obecnie na rynku dostępne są preparaty: Botox, Dysport i Xeomin. Mają one podobny mechanizm działania, aczkolwiek różnią się istotnie budową chemiczną, siłą działania, migracją poza miejsce podania, skutecznością i profilem działań niepożądanych. Te odrębności mogą sprawiać trudności w ich zamiennym stosowaniu przez niedoświadczonego lekarza. Rodzą także pytania o ich równowartość ekonomiczną. Autorzy dokonali przeglądu prac i porównali dostępne preparaty w zarejestrowanych w Polsce wskazaniach neurologicznych. Preparaty te powinny być traktowane jako odrębne leki, a ich zastosowanie kliniczne oparte o dane z badań klinicznych dotyczących poszczególnych preparatów

Detection of variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes through the application of targeted whole-exome sequencing analysis to a large cohort of patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness

Background: Dystroglycanopathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are typically characterised by limb-girdle muscle weakness. Mutations in 18 different genes have been associated with dystroglycanopathies, the encoded proteins of which typically modulate the binding of alpha-dystroglycan to extracellular matrix ligands by altering its glycosylation. This results in a disruption of the structural integrity of the myocyte, ultimately leading to muscle degeneration. Methods: Deep phenotypic information was gathered using the PhenoTips online software for 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness from 43 different centres across 21 European and Middle Eastern countries. Whole-exome sequencing with at least 250 ng DNA was completed using an Illumina exome capture and a 38 Mb baited target. Genes known to be associated with dystroglycanopathies were analysed for disease-causing variants. Results: Suspected pathogenic variants were detected in DPM3, ISPD, POMT1 and FKTN in one patient each, in POMK in two patients, in GMPPB in three patients, in FKRP in eight patients and in POMT2 in ten patients. This indicated a frequency of 2.7% for the disease group within the cohort of 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness. The phenotypes of the 27 patients were highly variable, yet with a fundamental presentation of proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase. Conclusions: Overall, we have identified 27 patients with suspected pathogenic variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes. We present evidence for the genetic and phenotypic diversity of the dystroglycanopathies as a disease group, while also highlighting the advantage of incorporating next-generation sequencing into the diagnostic pathway of rare diseases.Peer reviewe