O que mudou com a lei 94/2021 para efeitos de dispensa e atenuação de pena? : análise crítica à alteração do artigo 374.º-B do código penal

A justiça penal portuguesa tem sido alvo de um aceso debate relativamente à melhor estratégia para o combate eficaz de fenómenos de corrupção, e que tem dividido duas fações da doutrina ao longo de décadas: por um lado, os que defendem uma abertura ao pensamento e consequente acompanhamento das tendências europeias; e, por outro, os defensores de que embora o tratamento deste tema seja urgente, rejeitam a atribuição de benefícios processuais ao(s) arguido(s) enquanto solução. Tendo vindo esta discussão a sofrer avanços até aos dias de hoje, é com o surgimento da Lei 94/2021 que a necessidade de problematização destas questões volta, mais do que nunca, a estar na ordem do dia. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação procura contextualizar os institutos da atenuação especial e dispensa de pena enquanto exemplos de soluções de justiça negociada, procede à exposição e explicação das motivações que estiveram na origem desta alteração legislativa, culminando, finalmente, na resposta à questão-alvo do presente trabalho: O que mudou com a Lei 94/2021 para efeitos de dispensa e atenuação especial de pena?Portuguese criminal justice has been the subject of a heated debate on the best strategy to effectively combat corruption phenomena, which has divided two factions of the legal doctrine over the decades: on the one hand, those who defend an openness to thinking and consequent monitoring of European trends; and on the other, those who defend that although the treatment of this theme is urgent, they reject the attribution of procedural benefits to the defendant(s) as a solution. This discussion has been progressing until today, and with the emergence of Law 94/2021, the need to discuss these issues is once again more in the agenda. In this sense, the present dissertation seeks to contextualise the institutes of special mitigation and remission of punishment as examples of negotiated justice solutions, and proceeds to expose and explain the motivations behind this legislative change, culminating, finally, in the answer to the target question of this work: What has changed with Law 94/2021 for the purposes of special remission and mitigation of punishment

Swallowing and quality of life after total laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy Deglutição e qualidade de vida após laringectomia e faringolaringectomia total

Dysphagia can be a consequence of total laryngectomy even in the absence of symptoms and it could indeed directly or indirectly compromise quality of life. AIM: To evaluate the characteristics of swallowing after total laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy with pharyngeal T closure, correlating them with the Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders questionnaire. METHODS: A prospective evaluation was performed in 28 patients; fifteen undergoing total laryngectomy and thirteen undergoing total pharyngolaryngectomy. Swallowing was evaluated through videofluoroscopy regarding the preparatory, oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, and the quality of life related to swallowing questionnaire was employed to measure quality of life. RESULTS: Anatomical and functional changes were observed under videofluoroscopic evaluation. Dysphagia was diagnosed in 18 patients (64.3%), being mild in 66.6% and moderate/severe in 33.3%. The questionnaire indicated good quality of life in almost all scales. Complaints of dysphagia were associated to the burden (p=0.036) and mental health scale (p=0.031). The questionnaire indicated impact on the mental health scale for patients with severe dysphagia (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of dysphagia was observed in some quality of life assessments, especially of mild degree.<br>A disfagia pode ser uma das consequências após a laringectomia total mesmo na ausência de sintomas e comprometer direta ou indiretamente a qualidade vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da deglutição após a laringectomia total e faringolaringectomia com fechamento em T e correlacionar com o questionário Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo através da avaliação de 28 pacientes, quinze submetidos à laringectomia total e treze à faringolaringectomia. A deglutição foi avaliada através da videofluoroscopia em relação às fases preparatória, oral e faríngea e o questionário de qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição foi aplicado para mensurar a qualidade de vida. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação videofluoroscópica foram observadas alterações anatômicas e funcionais. A disfagia foi diagnosticada em 18 (64,3%) dos pacientes, sendo 66,6% de grau discreto e 33,3% de grau moderado/severo. O questionário indicou boa qualidade de vida em quase todas as escalas. As queixas de deglutição apresentaram associação com o questionário nas escalas fardo (p=0,036) e saúde mental (p=0,031). O questionário indicou impacto na escala saúde mental para os pacientes com disfagia de grau severo (p=0,012). CONCLUSÃO: Observamos grande incidência de disfagia de grau predominantemente discreto com repercussão em algumas escalas da qualidade de vida

Deglutição após tratamento não cirúrgico (radioterápico/ radioquimioterápico) do câncer de laringe

Radiation therapy and radiochemotherapy protocols can cause swallowing difficulties.Aim: To evaluate swallowing in patients undergoing radiation therapy and radiochemotherapy protocol only for the treatment of laryngeal tumors.Methods: A prospective study of 20 patients, with a mean age of 62 years, at the end of oncological therapy. Six patients (30%) underwent radiation therapy, and 14 patients (70%) underwent combined therapy. The mean time between treatment and an evaluation of swallowing was 8.5 months. Videofluoroscopy was done to assess the preparatory, oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.Results: All patients had only an oral diet. Normal swallowing was present in only 25% of patients. The swallowing videofluoroscopic examination identified the following changes: bolus formation (85%), bolus ejection (60%), oral cavity stasis (55%), changes in the onset of the pharyngeal phase (100%), decreased laryngeal elevation (65%), and hypopharyngeal stasis (80%). Laryngeal penetration was observed in 25% of the cases; 40% presented tracheal aspiration. The grade of penetration/aspiration was mild in 60% of cases. Aspiration was silent in 35% of patients. Although 75% of patients had dysphagia, only 25% complained of swallowing difficulties.Conclusion: Patients with laryngeal cancer that underwent radiation therapy/combined treatment can present changes in all swallowing phases, or may be asymptomatic.FAP, Grad Course, Sao Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP EPM, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, BR-09500900 Sao Paulo, BrazilHOSPHEL, Voice Rehabil & Swallowing Unit, Sao Paulo, BrazilFundacao Lusiada, Unilus, Santos, BrazilHOSPHEL, Inst Grad Vourse Hlth Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP EPM, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Evaluating Stress Physiology and Parasite Infection Parameters in the Translocation of Critically Endangered Woylies (Bettongia penicillata)

Translocation can be stressful for wildlife. Stress may be important in fauna translocation because it has been suggested that it can exacerbate the impact of infectious disease on translocated wildlife. However, few studies explore this hypothesis by measuring stress physiology and infection indices in parallel during wildlife translocations. We analysed faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentration and endoparasite parameters (nematodes, coccidians and haemoparasites) in a critically endangered marsupial, the woylie (Bettongia penicillata), 1–3\ua0months prior to translocation, at translocation, and 6\ua0months later. FCM for both translocated and resident woylies was significantly higher after translocation compared to before or at translocation. In addition, body condition decreased with increasing FCM after translocation. These patterns in host condition and physiology may be indicative of translocation stress or stress associated with factors independent of the translocation. Parasite factors also influenced FCM in translocated woylies. When haemoparasites were detected, there was a significant negative relationship between strongyle egg count and FCM. This may reflect the influence of glucocorticoids on the immune response to micro- and macro-parasites. Our results indicate that host physiology and infection patterns can change significantly during translocation, but further investigation is required to determine how these patterns influence translocation success