Effect of hydroalcoholic Zingiber extract on creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of mice.

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: اکثر جمعیت جهان به خصوص در کشورهای در حال توسعه، برای احتیاجات اساسی بهداشتی خود از داروهای گیاهی استفاده می کنند. زنجبیل (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) یک چاشنی غذایی می باشد که از دو هزار سال پیش به عنوان دارو در طب چینی، پزشکی سنتی ایران و طب اسلامی استفاده شده است. از آنجایی که افزایش اوره سرم و سطوح کرآتینین در آزمایش های کلینیکی بیانگر نارسایی کلیوی می باشد، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر عصاره هیدروالکلی زنجبیل بر نیتروژن اوره خون و کرآتینین به منظور ارزیابی عملکرد کلیه انجام شد. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه تجربی عصاره هیدروالکلی زنجبیل به صورت یک روز در میان در یک دوره 20 روزه با دوزهای 10، 20 و 40 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم در 48 ساعت به صورت داخل صفاقی به موشهای نر آزمایشگاهی تزریق شد. سپس خونگیری با استفاده از روش پانکسیون سینوس چشمی انجام و میزان نیتروژن اوره خون (BUN) و کراتینین اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و کروسکال والیس تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت BUN در گروه کنترل 89/3±68/37 و در گروههای دریافت کننده 10، 20 و 40 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم در 48 ساعت زنجبیل به ترتیب 38/11±54/21 (05/0

A Fortran Code for the Transshipment Problem

A code written in FORTRAN for PDP-11 is reported for solving the capacitated transshipment problem

The effect of teaching using, problem base learning and lecture on behavior, attitude and learning of nursing (BSc) students

Background and aim: Problem base learning results in the clarification of the words and concepts, the definition of the concepts, problem analysis, providing a systematic method to describe the situation during analysis process, the determination of learning objectives, getting more knowledge according to learning requirements and merging of the new knowledge with solutions. Regarding the progress of nursing science across the world and the importance of promotion in nursing education using new educational methods, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of teaching using both problem base learning and lecture on behavior, attitude and learning of nursing (BSc) students at Shahre-Kord university of medical science. Methods: This research was a semi-experimental study involved 40 of nursing (at 4th semester) students at Shahre-Kord university of medical sciences who were learning the internal course (surgery 2). They were selected using conventional sampling method and divided into two equal groups of case and control, using random sampling method. The problem base learning and lecture methods were used to teach individuals of case and control groups, respectively. At the end of the course, using a questionnaire, behavior, attitude, and learning of the students were assessed. Using T and Manvitni tests, the data was analyzed. Results: The students were 95% female and single. The mean of age in both groups was 22/04±1 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the three former semester average scores, using t-test. The mean of learning in the case and control was 68.24±6.8 and 44.98±9.8, respectively. The mean of attitude in the case and control was 123.3±21 and 96.8±8 and the mean of behavior in the two groups was 69.5±2.5 and 63±3.1, respectively (p<0.001). There was significant statistical difference (p<0.05) in the two categories of evaluation and application between the two groups studied (p<0.05). There was also slight difference in the level of understanding between these two groups. Conclusion: Based on the results, teaching by problem base learning is more useful than lecture in modification and improvement of learning and attitude of the students studied. The results of this research is offered and recommended to the educational officials to substitute this method for the traditional ones

Using Oman Sea Sargassum illicifolium meal for feeding white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The brown seaweed Sargassum illicifolium is abundant along the Iranian coastline of the Oman Sea in which is rich in nutrients. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis which it can be used as a source of protein in shrimp diets. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, 2013, where 3g shrimp juvenile acclimation in a 5000L tank. They were then kept in plastic tank containing 300L sea water and 30 shrimp juveniles in which were fed daily (3% of biomass) in four equal portions with one of four different diets in four repetitions for a period of 45 days. All diets contained 33% crude protein (isoprotein) and 355 kcal 100 g^−1 (isocaloric), with different percentages of Sargassum powder: Diet “A” 15%, Diet “B” 10%, Diet “C” 5%, and Diet “D” (Control) without seaweed. Final biomass values ranged from 120.89 to 128.66 g. L^−1; weight gains in biomass ranged from 106.49 to 124.36 g L^−1, and SGR ranged from 4.68 to 5.68% exhibited no significant differences between treatments (p>.05). Survival rate 95.2 to 97.0% was almost equal under the four experimental conditions (p>.05). Diets “A” and “B”, with a greater content of algae, exhibited better feed conversion (1.15:1 and 1.17:1) than diets “C” and “D” (1.30:1 and 1.33:1) (p<.05). The physicochemical variables of the water showed no significant variation and remained within the standards necessary for the wellbeing of the animals. If sufficient biomass of beached algae can be practically and economically collected, it can be used as a component in the making of shrimp feed

Experimental investigation of the radial structure of energetic particle driven modes

Alfv\'en eigenmodes (AEs) and energetic particle modes (EPMs) are often excited by energetic particles (EPs) in tokamak plasmas. One of the main open questions concerning EP driven instabilities is the non-linear evolution of the mode structure. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the properties of beta-induced AEs (BAEs) and EP driven geodesic acoustic modes (EGAMs) observed in the ramp-up phase of off-axis NBI heated ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) discharges. This paper focuses on the changes in the mode structure of BAEs/EGAMs during the non-linear chirping phase. Our investigation has shown that in case of the observed down-chirping BAEs the changes in the radial structure are smaller than the uncertainty of our measurement. This behaviour is most probably the consequence of that BAEs are normal modes, thus their radial structure strongly depends on the background plasma parameters rather than on the EP distribution. In the case of rapidly upward chirping EGAMs the analysis consistently shows shrinkage of the mode structure. The proposed explanation is that the resonance in the velocity space moves towards more passing particles which have narrower orbit widths.Comment: submitted to Nuclear Fusio

Unwanted pregnancies (Prevalence and factors) among women referred to Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord, 1998

High growth rate is a major problem facing developing countries. Unwanted pregnancy may be an effective factor in this regard. Unwanted pregnancy has also extensive psychosomatic adverse effects on pregnant women. More than 60% of unwanted pregnant women in the word abort, mostly in an unhealthy situation, resulting in high death toll. Therefore, the study of the prevalence and effective factors in unwanted pregnancies is necessary, which was the aim of this study. After delivery, 758 women were interviewed, about their pregnancies (Wanted or unwanted), type of contraceptives used, and their usage accuracy, etc. 28% of interviewed women had unwanted pregnancies, and 87% of the unwanted pregnant women were employing a contraception method, but most of them (87%) incorrectly. Some women have stated negligence, fear of contraceptives adverse effects, medical problems and opposition of their husbands as the common factors of rejecting any contraceptive method. Women employing oral contraceptive pills, interruption and IUD methods, have had 35.7%, 38.2%, and 7.2% unwanted pregnancies, respectively. Illiteracy, in women with unwanted pregnancies was about twice as much as the others. In summary in addition to illiteracy, which played a significant role in the unwanted pregnancies, the oral contraceptive pills method, which is a well-documented and approved method, was unreliable approaches, in the studied region

Validity of models for Dreicer generation of runaway electrons in dynamic scenarios

Runaway electron modelling efforts are motivated by the risk these energetic particles pose to large fusion devices. The sophisticated kinetic models can capture most features of the runaway electron generation but have high computational costs which can be avoided by using computationally cheaper reduced kinetic codes. In this paper, we compare the reduced kinetic and kinetic models to determine when the former solvers, based on analytical calculations assuming quasi-stationarity, can be used. The Dreicer generation rate is calculated by two different solvers in parallel in a workflow developed in the European Integrated Modelling framework, and this is complemented by calculations of a third code that is not yet integrated into the framework. Runaway Fluid, a reduced kinetic code, NORSE, a kinetic code using non-linear collision operator, and DREAM, a linearized Fokker-Planck solver, are used to investigate the effect of a dynamic change in the electric field for different plasma scenarios spanning across the whole tokamak-relevant range. We find that on time scales shorter than or comparable to the electron collision time at the critical velocity for runaway electron generation kinetic effects not captured by reduced kinetic models play an important role. This characteristic time scale is easy to calculate and can reliably be used to determine whether there is a need for kinetic modelling, or cheaper reduced kinetic codes are expected to deliver sufficiently accurate results. This criterion can be automated, and thus it can be of great benefit for the comprehensive self-consistent modelling frameworks that are attempting to simulate complex events such as tokamak start-up or disruptions

Review of high-contrast imaging systems for current and future ground- and space-based telescopes I. Coronagraph design methods and optical performance metrics

The Optimal Optical Coronagraph (OOC) Workshop at the Lorentz Center in September 2017 in Leiden, the Netherlands gathered a diverse group of 25 researchers working on exoplanet instrumentation to stimulate the emergence and sharing of new ideas. In this first installment of a series of three papers summarizing the outcomes of the OOC workshop, we present an overview of design methods and optical performance metrics developed for coronagraph instruments. The design and optimization of coronagraphs for future telescopes has progressed rapidly over the past several years in the context of space mission studies for Exo-C, WFIRST, HabEx, and LUVOIR as well as ground-based telescopes. Design tools have been developed at several institutions to optimize a variety of coronagraph mask types. We aim to give a broad overview of the approaches used, examples of their utility, and provide the optimization tools to the community. Though it is clear that the basic function of coronagraphs is to suppress starlight while maintaining light from off-axis sources, our community lacks a general set of standard performance metrics that apply to both detecting and characterizing exoplanets. The attendees of the OOC workshop agreed that it would benefit our community to clearly define quantities for comparing the performance of coronagraph designs and systems. Therefore, we also present a set of metrics that may be applied to theoretical designs, testbeds, and deployed instruments. We show how these quantities may be used to easily relate the basic properties of the optical instrument to the detection significance of the given point source in the presence of realistic noise.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of the SPIE, vol. 1069

Investigating the characteristics of the density current due to changes in the flow regime

The density current is a relative movement that occurs between two fluid layers, even if they slightly vary in density. The difference in specific mass may be due to temperature, suspended matter, dissolved materials, or a combination of them. These flows are especially important in cases such as the inflow of muddy rivers into the reservoirs of dams or seas and lakes, and can have different effects, such as sedimentation in dams and river estuaries to the sea, the change of the coastal beds and continental shelf areas. Therefore, the study of this type of motion and the effect of changing the regime from the supercritical to the subcritical (the creation of a hydraulic jump) is very influential regarding flow characteristics. The study of fluid flow requires the identification of velocity profiles in the flow path. For this purpose, by applying a physical model and creating a flow with different input characteristics and imposing regime change conditions, the velocity profiles in the flow body were measured and the flow characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the coefficients of the velocity profiles in the wall and jet areas were 0.82, 0.87 and 2.83 respectively for subcritical flows and 1.174, 1.26 and 2.9 for supercritical currents. Other results include a 14 to 19 percent reduction in speed and a 21 to 32 percent increase in flow depth due to the jump. In addition, in some cases, there were significant difference between the results of the analytical jump relationship and the experimental data