Designing an Energy Efficient Network Using Integration of KSOM, ANN and Data Fusion Techniques

Energy in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is rendered as the major constraint that affects the overall feasibility and performance of a network. With the dynamic and demanding requirements of diverse applications, the need for an energy efficient network persists. Therefore, this paper proposes a mechanism for optimizing the energy consumption in WSN through the integration of artificial neural networks (ANN) and Kohonen self-organizing map (KSOM) techniques. The clusters are formed and re-located after iteration for effective distribution of energy and reduction of energy depletion at individual nodes. Furthermore, back propagation algorithm is used as a supervised learning method for optimizing the approach and reducing the loss function. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed energy efficient network

Mining of diverse short non-coding RNAs from transcriptome of milk somatic cells of Murrah buffalo

The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are known to regulate expression of genes at the transcription, translation and processing levels. The present study was conducted to identify diverse short ncRNAs from milk somatic cells of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Elucidating the molecular drivers of lactation in dairy animals will help understand the process of lactation, eventually leading to improvement in milk production and quality. In order to discover the ncRNA, the transcriptome data of 12 samples of somatic cells from buffalo milk were analyzed. A web based pipeline, exceRpt was used to perform the analysis. The most abundant short ncRNA molecules discovered in buffalo milk were the miRNAs, followed by snRNAs. Least number of rRNAs was discovered in the investigated samples. The total number of rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs and miRNAs were 12, 23, 72, 51 and 229 respectively, in the entire dataset. On matching with miRBase v22.1, a total of 1724, 897, 211 and 4 miRNAs were observed to be common to human, bovine, caprine and ovine genomes. The results provide information on the bioavailability of short ncRNAs in buffalo milk somatic cells, most of which are largely uncharacterized. The generated information is a step towards developing a database for ncRNAs in buffalo species

Non-methane volatile organic compounds emitted from domestic fuels in Delhi: Emission factors and total city-wide emissions

In controlled laboratory conditions, 62 samples of domestic fuels collected from 56 grids of Delhi were burnt to quantify the emissions of 23 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), i.e., alkanes (11), alkenes (6), alkynes (1) and aromatic compounds (5). The domestic fuels used for residential activities were comprised of 20 unique types of fuel woods, 3 species of crop residue, dung cakes and coal. These fuels are primarily used for cooking and water/space heating during winters. The current study reports the total emission budget of NMVOCs from domestic burning over Delhi. Furthermore, this study also compares the differences in EFs of NMVOCs which are calculated for different burning cycles and sample collection methods. The EFs of NMVOCs calculated from the samples collected during the flaming stage using canisters were analysed for 23 NMVOCs and then compared with same species emitted from complete burning cycle. In addition to this, 10 consumption and emission hotspot grids were also identified in Delhi; based on the ground survey and laboratory simulated results. The total annual usage of domestic fuels for the year 2019 was found to be 0.415 Mt/yr (million tonnes) in Delhi. 12.01 Gg/yr of annual NMVOC emissions was calculated from domestic fuel burning in which the emissions from dung cake and fuel wood dominated with 6.6 Gg/yr and 5.4 Gg/yr, respectively. The EFs of NMVOCs calculated using canister and online collection method differ significantly from each other. The flaming stage presented enhanced emissions compared to the complete burning cycle by ~7 times which suggests that the method of data analysis and the period of sample collection play a pivotal role in the preparation of an emission inventory and estimating the budget

Watermarking Techniques Review

In today's corporate world, millions of images are travel widely and rapidly, in multiple manifestations, through email and across the Internet. Controlling and protecting sensitive or confidential documents and images has become very important now days.A digital watermark is a digital signal or pattern inserted into a digital image. A given watermark may be unique to each copy (e.g. to identify the intended recipient), or be common to multiple copies. In either case, the watermarking of the document involves the transformation of the original into another form. In this paper we aim to present a review of different techniques on digital image watermarking.Digital watermark techniques are used in various areas such as copyright protection, broadcast monitoring and owner identification. This review elaborates the most important methods of spatial domain and transform domain like DCT, DFT, DWT, and focuses the merits and demerits of these techniques

Ultimate Fate and Determination of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin in the Environment: A Critical Review

Since the 1990s, the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen and pyrethroids such as fenpropathrin have been widely used to reduce pest populations in agriculture. The widespread use of these insecticides makes it essential for researchers to understand how they behave in terrestrial ecosystems and how they can be detected. This work reviewed the most effective analytical techniques used to detect pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin in various samples. The degradation of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin in soil takes time, but in aerobic environments, pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin are degraded rapidly following first-order kinetics or pseudo-first-order kinetics. Both insecticides tend to adsorb on soils and are not susceptible to leaching into groundwater. Based on greenhouse or field conditions, both insecticides degrade differently by following first-order kinetics, and their half-lives in plants range from one to three weeks. Since both insecticide residues are soluble in acetone, hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile, they can be extracted in those solvents. They can also be processed in a variety of ways discussed in this paper. Ultimately, the review explains how fate profiles of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin in soil and plants affect these molecules' adverse effects on non-target organisms

Engineering Water Stable Perovskite and Plasmonic‐Perovskite Nanocomposites: A Step toward Unleashing the True Potential of Perovskite Catalysis

Abstract Despite garnering so much research interest, the potential technological developments of perovskites are limited due to the instability of perovskites in polar solvents. Here, it is discovered that upon exposure to ethanol, the initial cubic cesium lead bromide nanocrystals (CsPbBr3 NCs) undergo a phase transformation from the cubic phase to the orthorhombic phase. Further exposure of the orthorhombic phase to water leads to the formation of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoaggregates, which shows higher stability in water compared to pristine CsPbBr3 NCs. A systematic investigation of the interfaces using various spectroscopic techniques demonstrating the self‐assembly process and phase transformation is presented. The increased stability of ethanol‐treated CsPbBr3 NCs is attributed to the ethoxide ions adsorption on the CsPbBr3 interface, owing to strong affinity of alkoxide ions to Pb2+. Effective surface passivation leads to enhanced charge‐carrier separation, a prerequisite to an effective photocatalyst. Ethoxide‐stabilized CsPbBr3 in water is utilized to reduce Au3+ to Au0 to synthesize water‐stable Au‐CsPbBr3 nanocomposites. The formation of hybrid plasmonic metal‐perovskites nanocomposite influences the perovskite's excited state charge carrier dynamics. This opens the possibilities of utilizing the synergistic effects of the light‐harvesting properties of plasmonic nanomaterials with the catalytic attributes of perovskite materials and controlling the interface properties by tuning plasmon–exciton coupling

Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita: A Case Report

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita first described in 1905, is a rare congenital syndrome affecting 1 in 3000 births. It is characterized by multiple joint contractures found throughout the body and may be associated with multiple congenital anomalies like cleft palate, genitourinary defects, gastroschisis and cardiac defects. Hence appropriate evaluation should be done to rule out congenital abnormalities. Anaesthetic management may be complicated by difficult intravenous access, difficult positioning, difficult regional blockade and difficult airway. Anticipating difficulties and keeping alternate arrangements and preparation is required

Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita: A Case Report

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita first described in 1905, is a rare congenital syndrome affecting 1 in 3000 births. It is characterized by multiple joint contractures found throughout the body and may be associated with multiple congenital anomalies like cleft palate, genitourinary defects, gastroschisis and cardiac defects. Hence appropriate evaluation should be done to rule out congenital abnormalities. Anaesthetic management may be complicated by difficult intravenous access, difficult positioning, difficult regional blockade and difficult airway. Anticipating difficulties and keeping alternate arrangements and preparation is required

Knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls and their mothers regarding cervical cancer: A community-based cross-sectional study

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in India. The mother's awareness about the symptoms and risk factors has a large impact on the daughter's knowledge and attitude. Mother and adolescent daughter duos were selected as the sample as they are the target population at risk for suffering from carcinoma cervix. Mothers are the prime information providers and in an excellent position to aware their adolescent daughters about cervical cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls and their mothers regarding cervical cancer and to find the association between the education of the mothers and their knowledge about risk factors. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 duos of adolescent daughters along with their mothers residing in Balmiki Basti (Delhi), using a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-22 version. Results: Only 61% of mothers and 52% of daughters have heard about cervical cancer. Inter-menstrual bleeding was the most common symptom recognized by the mother (50%) and daughter (44%) duos followed by postmenopausal bleeding (47% of mothers and 33% of daughters). Most common risk factors recognized by mothers and their daughters were promiscuity and tobacco and smoking. About 81% of mothers and 68% of daughters have a positive attitude toward internal examination by a gynecologist at least once in 3 years. Human papillomavirus infection was recognized as a risk factor by 13 among which 8 were educated till graduation (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Study revealed a low-level knowledge about cervical cancer among adolescent daughters and their mothers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to empower the women by educating them on this issue. Furthermore, there is a need to encourage the mothers to communicate the right information to their adolescent daughters