Theoretical study of molecular photoionization: diffraction and correlation effects

2013/2014Questa tesi raccoglie i risultati dell’attività di ricerca del mio dottorato che ha riguardato lo studio di molecole sottoposte a fotoionizzazione e il calcolo delle grandezze dinamiche coinvolte in questo tipo di processo. Una prima linea di ricerca ha seguito la descrizione degli effetti di interferenza e diffrazione nei profili di fotoionizzazione ad alte energie, attraverso un approccio basato sul metodo Density Functional Theory (DFT) accoppiato all’uso di una base di B-spline. Le oscillazioni derivanti da questi effetti di interferenza e diffrazione rappresentano un fenomeno universale, presente in tutte le molecole poliatomiche in esame, dalle biatomiche a quelle più complesse non simmetriche, dalla shell di core a quella di valenza più esterna. Nella regione di core abbiamo analizzato le oscillazioni presenti nel rapporto di intensità C2,3/C1,4 nello spettro di fotoelettone C 1s del 2-butino. Nella regione di valenza più interna abbiamo invece preso in esame gli spettri di fotoionizzazione di semplici molecole poliatomiche (propano, butano, isobutano e cis/trans-2-butene) e i risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con quelli sperimentali raccolti presso il sincrotrone Soleil di Parigi. Abbiamo poi analizzato l’effetto dovuto all’emissione coerente da centri equivalenti e quello dovuto alla diffrazione da atomi vicini non equivalenti negli spettri di core e di valenza. Nell’ambito di questa analisi, abbiamo preso in esame acetileni mono e disostituti con fluoro e iodio, comparando i risultati con quelli ottenuti nel caso del più semplice sistema acetilenico. Ci siamo inoltre occupati dello studio di effetti di intereferenza nella ionizzazione di valenza esterna di semplici idrocarburi e, nella stessa regione, abbiamo analizzato come la struttura geometrica di composti permetilati, in particolare la distanza metallo-anello, influenzi i loro profili di fotoionizzazione. Infine, nella regione di valenza interna, sono stati considerati i profili di ionizzazione per il caso di Ar@C60. I risultati sono stati messi a confronto con quelli ottenuti da uno studio precedente sulla molecola di C60. Una seconda linea di ricerca ha invece seguito la descrizione delle osservabili di fotoionizzaione considerando il contributo della correlazione elettronica. Questo può essere fatto attraverso l’implementazione di un formalismo closecoupling dove la funzione del continuo finale è espressa secondo un’espansione analoga a quella Configuration Interaction (CI) per gli stati legati. Il primo livello dell’implementazione ab initio è stato quello di descrivere accuratamente solo la correlazione negli stati legati. A questo scopo, sono stati utilizzati gli orbitali di Dyson. L’uso di questi orbitali è stato applicato alla descrizione delle osservabili di fotoionizzazione nel caso della molecola biatomica CS. Nello spettro di questa molecola è infatti presente un satellite ben risolto dovuto a effetti di correlazione elettronica che non possono essere descritti a livello DFT.The thesis is focused on the study of the dynamics of photoemission processes for atoms and molecules. A first line of research has followed the description of diffraction and interference effects in the photoionization profiles at high energy for several systems, through an approach based on the DFT method combined with the use of a B-spline basis. These diffraction and interference effects appear in the spectra as a result of wave propagation. The resulting oscillations represent a general phenomenon, present in polyatomic targets, from diatomics to complex non-symmetrical molecules, and from the deep core to the outer-valence shell. Firstly, in the core region, we analysed the oscillations in the intensity ratio C2,3/C1,4 in the carbon 1s photoelectron spectrum for 2-butyne. Then in the inner-valence shell region, the interference effects in the photoionization spectra of simple polyatomic molecules (propane, butane, isobutane and cis/trans-2-butene) were studied and the results have been compared with experimental data collected at the SOLEIL Synchrotron in Paris. Furthermore, we have analysed the effect due to coherent emission from equivalent centers and diffraction from neighbouring non-equivalent atoms in core and valence photoelectron spectra. For this, we investigated mono and disubstituted fluoro- and iodo-acetylenes and compared them to the simple acetylene system. We also focused on interference effects in the outer-valence ionization cross sections of simple hydrocarbons and, in the same shell, we also studied the influence of geometrical structures on photoionization profiles of permethylated compounds. Finally, in the inner-valence shell region, we considered the photoionization profiles for the case of Ar@C60. The results were compared with a previous study on the C60 molecule. A second line of research has followed the correlated description of photoionization observables. We developed a new method based on an ab initio closecoupling formalism. The use of the Dyson orbitals allowed to study the photoemission observables of highly correlated systems. As a first application of this method, we performed highly correlated calculations on the primary ionic states and the prominent satellite present in the outer-valence photoelectron spectrum of CS. Dyson orbitals are coupled to accurate one-particle continuum orbitals to provide a correlated description of energy-dependent cross sections, asymmetry parameters, branching ratios and Molecular Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions (MFPADs).XXVII Ciclo198

Photoionization observables from multi-reference dyson orbitals coupled to B-spline DFT and TD-DFT continuum

We present a theoretical model to compute the accurate photoionization dynamical parameters (cross-sections, asymmetry parameters and orbital, or cross-section, ratios) from Dyson orbitals obtained with the multi-state complete active space perturbation theory to the second order (MS-CASPT2) method. Our new implementation of Dyson orbitals in OpenMolcas takes advantage of the full Abelian symmetry point group and has the corrected normalization. The Dyson orbitals are coupled to an accurate description of the electronic continuum obtained with a multicentric B-spline basis at the DFT and TD-DFT levels. Two prototype diatomic molecules, i.e., CS and SiS, have been chosen due to their smallness, which hides important correlation effects. These effects manifest themselves in the appearance of well-characterized isolated satellite bands in the middle of the valence region. The rich satellite structures make CS and SiS the perfect candidates for a computational study based on our highly accurate MS-CASPT2/B-spline TD-DFT protocol

Photoionization of furan from the ground and excited electronic states

Here we present a comparative computational study of the photoionization of furan from the ground and the two lowest-lying excited electronic states. The study aims to assess the quality of the computational methods currently employed for treating bound and continuum states in photoionization. For the ionization from the ground electronic state, we show that the Dyson orbital approach combined with an accurate solution of the continuum one particle wave functions in a multicenter B-spline basis, at the density functional theory (DFT) level, provides cross sections and asymmetry parameters in excellent agreement with experimental data. On the contrary, when the Dyson orbitals approach is combined with the Coulomb and orthogonalized Coulomb treatments of the continuum, the results are qualitatively different. In excited electronic states, three electronic structure methods, TDDFT, ADC(2), and CASSCF, have been used for the computation of the Dyson orbitals, while the continuum was treated at the B-spline/DFT level. We show that photoionization observables are sensitive probes of the nature of the excited states as well as of the quality of excited state wave functions. This paves the way for applications in more complex situations such as time resolved photoionization spectroscopy

Carbon and Nitrogen K-Edge NEXAFS Spectra of Indole, 2,3-Dihydro-7-azaindole, and 3-Formylindole

The near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of indole, 2,3-dihydro-7-azaindole, and 3-formylindole in the gas phase have been measured at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges. The spectral features have been interpreted based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the transition potential (TP) scheme, which is accurate enough for a general description of the measured C 1s NEXAFS spectra as well as for the assignment of the most relevant features. For the nitrogen K-edge, the agreement between experimental data and theoretical spectra calculated with TP-DFT was not quite satisfactory. This discrepancy was mainly attributed to the many-body effects associated with the excitation of the core electron, which are better described using the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the range-separated hybrid functional CAM-B3LYP. An assignment of the measured N 1s NEXAFS spectral features has been proposed together with a complete description of the observed resonances. Intense transitions from core levels to unoccupied antibonding π* states as well as several transitions with mixed-valence/Rydberg or pure Rydberg character have been observed in the C and N K-edge spectra of all investigated indoles

Photochemical Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: Identifying the True Reactive State

The photochemically induced ring-opening isomerization reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to 1,3,5-hexatriene is a textbook example of a pericyclic reaction and has been amply investigated with advanced spectroscopic techniques. The main open question has been the identification of the single reactive state which drives the process. The generally accepted description of the isomerization pathway starts with a valence excitation to the lowest lying bright state, followed by a passage through a conical intersection to the lowest lying doubly excited state, and finally a branching between either the return to the ground state of the cyclic molecule or the actual ring-opening reaction leading to the open-chain isomer. Here, in a joint experimental and computational effort, we demonstrate that the evolution of the excitation–deexcitation process is much more complex than that usually described. In particular, we show that an initially high-lying electronic state smoothly decreasing in energy along the reaction path plays a key role in the ring-opening reaction

On the Accurate Description of Photoionization Dynamical Parameters

Calculation of dynamical parameters for photoionization requires an accurate descriptionof both initial and final states of the system, as well as of the outgoing electron.We here show, that using a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) B-spline densityfunctional (DFT) method to describe the outgoing electron, in combination withcorrelated equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and double (EOM-CCSD) Dysonorbitals, gives good agreement with experiment and outperforms other simpler approaches,like plane and Coulomb waves, used to describe the photoelectron. Resultsare presented for cross sections, angular distributions and dichroic parameters in chiralmolecules, as well as for photoionization from excited states. We also present a comparisonwith the results obtained using Hartree-Fock (HF) and density-functional theorymolecular orbitals selected according to Koopmans’ theorem for the bound states

Exploration of Excited State Deactivation Pathways of Adenine Monohydrates

Binding of a single water molecule has a dramatic effect on the excited state lifetime of adenine. Here we report a joint nonadiabatic dynamics and reaction paths study aimed at understanding the sub-100 fs lifetime of adenine in the monohydrates. Our nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, performed using the ADC(2) electronic structure method, show a shortening of the excited state lifetime in the monohydrates with respect to bare adenine. However, the computed lifetimes were found to be significantly longer that the observed one. By comparing the reaction pathways of several excited state deactivation processes in adenine and adenine monohydrates, we show that electron-driven proton transfer from water to nitrogen atom N3 of the adenine ring may be the process responsible for the observed ultrafast decay. The inaccessibility of the electron-driven proton transfer pathway to trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics simulation is discusse

The soft X-ray absorption spectrum of the allyl free radical

The first experimental study of the X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of the allyl free radical, CH2CHCH2, is reported. A supersonic He seeded beam of hyperthermal allyl radicals was crossed by a high resolution synchrotron radiation (SR) in the focus of a 3D ion momentum imaging time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer to investigate the soft X-ray absorption and fragmentation processes. The XAS, recorded as Total-Ion-Yield (TIY), is dominated by C1s electron excitations from either the central carbon atom, CC, or the two terminal carbon atoms, CT, to the frontier orbitals, the semi-occupied-molecular-orbital (SOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied-molecular-orbital (LUMO). All of the intense features in the XAS could only be assigned with the aid of ab initio spectral simulation at the Multi-Configuration Self-Consistent-Field (MCSCF) level of theory, this level being required because of the multi-reference nature of the core-excited state wavefunctions of the open shell molecule. The ionization energies (IEs) of the singlet and triplet states of the C1s ionized allyl radical (XPS) were also calculated at the MCSCF level