MIXED GAS-OIL SUBSEA PIPELINES IN OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The choice of gas separation and transportation mode in offshore applications may significantly affect the project profitability. Main alternatives are separation on board the platform with the utilization of separate subsea pipeline for single-phase gas and oil transportation, and remote separation with multiphase transportation of the gas-oil mixture in a single pipeline. In order to assist the project engineers during the feasibility study phase, the problems relevant technical and economic issues are analysed in this paper after preliminarily describing the two process schemes. In particular a computer model is developed in order to simulate the two-phase flow of the multi-component mixture adopting the Beggs and Brill model, which showed to be the most reliable approach in this application. A cost comparison with reference to a hypothetical but realistic case study is finally carried out to assess the convenience of the multiphase flow solution. This option appears to be especially attractive when multiplewell fields exist which can be developed in an integrated manner by providing a single centralized separation plant. A Allowance for additional mass (t) L Liquid production (m3/day x 1000) STP Standard Temperature and Pressur

MIXED GAS-OIL SUBSEA PIPELINES IN OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The choice of gas separation and transportation mode in offshore applications may significantly affect the project profitability. Main alternatives are separation on board the platform with the utilization of separate subsea pipeline for single-phase gas and oil transportation, and remote separation with multiphase transportation of the gas-oil mixture in a single pipeline. In order to assist the project engineers during the feasibility study phase, the problem's relevant technical and economic issues are analysed in this paper after preliminarily describing the two process schemes. In particular a computer model is developed in order to simulate the two-phase flow of the multi-component mixture adopting the Beggs and Brill model, which showed to be the most reliable approach in this application. A cost comparison with reference to a hypothetical but realistic case study is finally carried out to assess the convenience of the multiphase flow solution. This option appears to be especially attractive when multiplewell fields exist which can be developed in an integrated manner by providing a single centralized separation plant. A Allowance for additional mass (t) L Liquid production (m3/day x 1000) STP Standard Temperature and Pressur

Application of Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to an Ovine Model of Growth Plate Cartilage Injury

Injury to growth plate cartilage in children can lead to bone bridge formation and result in bone growth deformities, a significant clinical problem currently lacking biological treatment. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) offer a promising therapeutic option for regeneration of damaged cartilage, due to their self renewing and multi-lineage differentiation attributes. Although some small animal model studies highlight the therapeutic potential of MSC for growth plate repair, translational research in large animal models, which more closely resemble the human condition, are lacking. Our laboratory has recently characterised MSCs derived from ovine bone marrow, and demonstrated these cells form cartilage-like tissue when transplanted within the gelatin sponge, Gelfoam, in vivo. In the current study, autologous bone marrow MSC were seeded into Gelfoam scaffold containing TGF-β1, and transplanted into a surgically created defect of the proximal ovine tibial growth plate. Examination of implants at 5 week post-operatively revealed transplanted autologous MSC failed to form new cartilage structure at the defect site, but contributed to an increase in formation of a dense fibrous tissue. Importantly, the extent of osteogenesis was diminished, and bone bridge formation was not accelerated due to transplantation of MSCs or the gelatin scaffold. The current study represents the first work that has utilised this ovine large animal model to investigate whether autologous bone marrow derived MSC can be used to initiate regeneration at the injured growth plate

Preneoplastic lesions of the lung

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. If we can define and detect preneoplastic lesions, we might have a chance of improving survival. The World Health Organization has defined three preneoplastic lesions of the bronchial epithelium: squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ; atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. These lesions are believed to progress to squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumors, respectively. In this review we summarize the data supporting the preneoplastic nature of these lesions, and delve into some of the genetic changes found in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ

The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The management of articular cartilage defects presents many clinical challenges due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice however the resulting mixed fibrocartilage tissue which is inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Other methods have shown promise but are far from perfect. There is an unmet need and growing interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to improve the outcome for patients requiring cartilage repair. Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research. We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical) and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects. This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015. In total, there were 2880 studies identified of which 252 studies were included for analysis (100 articles for in vitro studies, 111 studies for animal studies; and 31 studies for human studies). There was a huge variance in cell source in pre-clinical studies both of terms of animal used, location of harvest (fat, marrow, blood or synovium) and allogeneicity. The use of scaffolds, growth factors, number of cell passages and number of cells used was hugely heterogeneous. SHORT CONCLUSIONS: This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the evidence behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. It has revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. Drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place

Libro “Malattie dell’apparato respiratorio e del mediastino”pag. 308, Cuzzolin Editore 2002

Sono trattate le malattie dell'apparato respiratorio e del mediastino di interesse medico e chirurgico