224 research outputs found

    Combinatoire algébrique liée aux ordres sur les permutations

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    Cette thĂšse se situe dans le domaine de la combinatoire algĂ©brique et porte sur l'Ă©tude et les applications de trois ordres sur les permutations : les deux ordres faibles (gauche et droit) et l'ordre fort ou de Bruhat. Dans un premier temps, nous Ă©tudions l'action du groupe symĂ©trique sur les polynĂŽmes multivariĂ©s. En particulier, les opĂ©rateurs de emph{diffĂ©rences divisĂ©es} permettent de dĂ©finir des bases de l'anneau des polynĂŽmes qui gĂ©nĂ©ralisent les fonctions de Schur aussi bien du point de vue de leur construction que de leur interprĂ©tation gĂ©omĂ©trique. Nous Ă©tudions plus particuliĂšrement la base des polynĂŽmes de Grothendieck introduite par Lascoux et SchĂŒtzenberger. Lascoux a montrĂ© qu'un certain produit de polynĂŽmes peut s'interprĂ©ter comme un produit d'opĂ©rateurs de diffĂ©rences divisĂ©es. En dĂ©veloppant ce produit, nous rĂ©-obtenons un rĂ©sultat de Lenart et Postnikov et prouvons de plus que le produit s'interprĂšte comme une somme sur un intervalle de l'ordre de Bruhat. Nous prĂ©sentons aussi l'implantation que nous avons rĂ©alisĂ©e sur Sage des polynĂŽmes multivariĂ©s. Cette implantation permet de travailler formellement dans diffĂ©rentes bases et d'effecteur des changements de bases. Elle utilise l'action des diffĂ©rences divisĂ©es sur les vecteurs d'exposants des polynĂŽmes multivariĂ©s. Les bases implantĂ©es contiennent en particulier les polynĂŽmes de Schubert, les polynĂŽmes de Grothendieck et les polynĂŽmes clĂ©s (ou caractĂšres de Demazure).Dans un second temps, nous Ă©tudions le emph{treillis de Tamari} sur les arbres binaires. Celui-ci s'obtient comme un quotient de l'ordre faible sur les permutations : Ă  chaque arbre est associĂ© un intervalle de l'ordre faible formĂ© par ses extensions linĂ©aires. Nous montrons qu'un objet plus gĂ©nĂ©ral, les intervalles-posets, permet de reprĂ©senter l'ensemble des intervalles du treillis de Tamari. GrĂące Ă  ces objets, nous obtenons une formule rĂ©cursive donnant pour chaque arbre binaire le nombre d'arbres plus petits ou Ă©gaux dans le treillis de Tamari. Nous donnons aussi une nouvelle preuve que la fonction gĂ©nĂ©ratrice des intervalles de Tamari vĂ©rifie une certaine Ă©quation fonctionnelle dĂ©crite par Chapoton. Enfin, nous gĂ©nĂ©ralisons ces rĂ©sultats aux treillis de mm-Tamari. Cette famille de treillis introduite par Bergeron et PrĂ©ville-Ratelle Ă©tait dĂ©crite uniquement sur les chemins. Nous en donnons une interprĂ©tation sur une famille d'arbres binaires en bijection avec les arbres m+1m+1-aires. Nous utilisons cette description pour gĂ©nĂ©raliser les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans le cas du treillis de Tamari classique. Ainsi, nous obtenons une formule comptant le nombre d'Ă©lĂ©ments plus petits ou Ă©gaux qu'un Ă©lĂ©ment donnĂ© ainsi qu'une nouvelle preuve de l'Ă©quation fonctionnelle des intervalles de mm-Tamari. Pour finir, nous dĂ©crivons des structures algĂ©briques mm qui gĂ©nĂ©ralisent les algĂšbres de Hopf FQSymFQSym et PBTPBT sur les permutations et les arbres binairesThis thesis comes within the scope of algebraic combinatorics and studies problems related to three orders on permutations: the two said weak orders (right and left) and the strong order or Bruhat order.We first look at the action of the symmetric group on multivariate polynomials. By using the emph{divided differences} operators, one can obtain some generalisations of the Schur function and form bases of non symmetric multivariate polynomials. This construction is similar to the one of Schur functions and also allows for geometric interpretations. We study more specifically the Grothendieck polynomials which were introduced by Lascoux and SchĂŒtzenberger. Lascoux proved that a product of these polynomials can be interpreted in terms of a product of divided differences. By developing this product, we reobtain a result of Lenart and Postnikov and also prove that it can be interpreted as a sum over an interval of the Bruhat order. We also present our implementation of multivariate polynomials in Sage. This program allows for formal computation on different bases and also implements many changes of bases. It is based on the action of the divided differences operators. The bases include Schubert polynomials, Grothendieck polynomials and Key polynomials. In a second part, we study the emph{Tamari lattice} on binary trees. This lattice can be obtained as a quotient of the weak order. Each tree is associated with the interval of its linear extensions. We introduce a new object called, emph{interval-posets} of Tamari and show that they are in bijection with the intervals of the Tamari lattice. Using these objects, we give the recursive formula counting the number of elements smaller than or equal to a given tree. We also give a new proof that the generating function of the intervals of the Tamari lattice satisfies some functional equation given by Chapoton. Our final contributions deals with the mm-Tamari lattices. This family of lattices is a generalization of the classical Tamari lattice. It was introduced by Bergeron and PrĂ©ville-Ratelle and was only known in terms of paths. We give the description of this order in terms of some family of binary trees, in bijection with m+1m+1-ary trees. Thus, we generalize our previous results and obtain a recursive formula counting the number of elements smaller than or equal to a given one and a new proof of the functional equation. We finish with the description of some new "m""m" Hopf algebras which are generalizations of the known FQSymFQSym on permutations and PBTPBT on binary treesPARIS-EST-UniversitĂ© (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses

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    Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis associated with skin cancers that results from a selective susceptibility to related human papillomaviruses (EV HPV). Invalidating mutations in either of two genes (EVER1 and EVER2) with unknown functions cause most EV cases. We report that EVER1 and EVER2 proteins form a complex and interact with the zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), as shown by yeast two-hybrid screening, GST pull-down, and immunoprecipitation experiments. In keratinocytes, EVER and ZnT-1 proteins do not influence intracellular zinc concentration, but do affect intracellular zinc distribution. EVER2 was found to inhibit free zinc influx to nucleoli. Keratinocytes with a mutated EVER2 grew faster than wild-type keratinocytes. In transiently and stably transfected HaCaT cells, EVER and ZnT-1 down-regulated transcription factors stimulated by zinc (MTF-1) or cytokines (c-Jun and Elk), as detected with luciferase assays. To get some insight into the control of EV HPV infection, we searched for interaction between EVER and ZnT-1 and oncoproteins of cutaneous (HPV5) and genital (HPV16) genotypes. HPV16 E5 protein binds to EVER and ZnT-1 and blocks their negative regulation. The lack of a functional E5 protein encoded by EV HPV genome may account for host restriction of these viruses

    Graphes de dépendance pour les démonstrateurs de théorÚmes intéractifs

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    On propose ici des outils pour visualiser de grandes preuves sous forme de graphes de thĂ©orĂšmes et de dĂ©finitions, oĂč les arrĂȘtes dĂ©notent les dĂ©pendances entre deux thĂ©orĂšmes. En particulier, on Ă©tudie les moyens de limiter la taille de ces graphes. On a menĂ© les expĂ©rimentations Ă  l'aide des systĂšmes Coq [DFH+93] GraphViz [EGKN] et daVinci [FW98]

    Xeml Lab: a tool that supports the design of experiments at a graphical interface and generates computer-readable metadata files, which capture information about genotypes, growth conditions, environmental perturbations and sampling strategy

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    Data mining depends on the ability to access machine-readable metadata that describe genotypes, environmental conditions, and sampling times and strategy. This article presents Xeml Lab. The Xeml Interactive Designer provides an interactive graphical interface at which complex experiments can be designed, and concomitantly generates machine-readable metadata files. It uses a new eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML)-derived dialect termed XEML. Xeml Lab includes a new ontology for environmental conditions, called Xeml Environment Ontology. However, to provide versatility, it is designed to be generic and also accepts other commonly used ontology formats, including OBO and OWL. A review summarizing important environmental conditions that need to be controlled, monitored and captured as metadata is posted in a Wiki (http://www.codeplex.com/ XeO) to promote community discussion. The usefulness of Xeml Lab is illustrated by two meta-analyses of a large set of experiments that were performed with Arabidopsis thaliana during 5 years. The first reveals sources of noise that affect measurements of metabolite levels and enzyme activities. The second shows that Arabidopsis maintains remarkably stable levels of sugars and amino acids across a wide range of photoperiod treatments, and that adjustment of starch turnover and the leaf protein content contribute to this metabolic homeostasis

    Learning the cell cycle with a game: Virtual experiments in cell biology

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    Cell Cycle Learn (CCL) is a learning game designed for undergraduate students in Biology to learn common knowledge about the cell-division cycle along with practical skills related with setting up an experiment and the scientific method in general. In CCL, learners are guided through the process of formulating hypotheses, conducting virtual experiments and analysing the results in order to validate or invalidate the hypotheses. The game has been designed in the University of Toulouse and introduced last year as part of the curriculum of a cellular biology class. This paper presents early results of an evaluation of the game enabled by questionnaires filled by the participants and game data collected during the training sessions. The results demonstrate with examples that both types of data can be used to assess the game's utility

    Apport des datations U/Th de spĂ©lĂ©othĂšmes Ă  la connaissance de l’incision du rĂ©seau hydrographique de l’Est du Bassin parisien

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    Dans l’Est du Bassin parisien, la karstification s’exprime selon deux modes essentiels, soit au contact d’une couverture argilo-sableuse sur les plateaux calcaires, soit au contact d’une nappe alluviale dans les fonds de vallĂ©e. Dans tous les cas, l’évolution de ces karsts suit l’incision des vallĂ©es. On prĂ©sente ici trois sites karstiques majeurs (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot et le Barrois), infĂ©odĂ©s Ă  trois grandes vallĂ©es de l’Est du Bassin parisien (la Moselle, la Meuse et la Marne) recoupant trois grandes masses carbonatĂ©es (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien). Dans ces karsts, 84 datations ont Ă©tĂ© entreprises par la mĂ©thode U/Th soit en alpha, soit en TIMS. La synthĂšse de ces dates confirme l’apport que constitue le karst dans les reconstitutions palĂ©oenvironnementales en particulier dans le domaine de l’incision du rĂ©seau hydrographique, du recul des couvertures non carbonatĂ©es et des reconstitutions palĂ©oclimatiques.In the eastern part of the Paris Basin, karstification occurs, essentially in two modes, one at the contact of a sandy-clayey cover on limestone plateaus, the other beneath alluvium in the floors of valleys. In every case, evolution of the karsts follows incision of the valleys. In this paper, three major karstic systems are presented (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot and the Barrois), associated with three large valleys (the Moselle, the Meuse and the Marne), cutting three large limestone masses (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien). In these karsts, 84 dates were obtained using the U/Th method (alpha, TIMS). These dates confirm the contribution of the karst to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the fields of river system incision, retreat of the non-carbonate cover and palaeoclimatic reconstruction.Im Osten des Pariser Beckens  erscheint die Verkarstung in zwei wesentlichen Formen – in Kontakt mit einer lehmig-sandigen Decke auf den Kalkplateaus oder in Kontakt mit einer alluvialen Schicht in den TalgrĂŒnden. In allen FĂ€llen folgt die Entwicklung dieser Karste dem Einschneiden der TĂ€ler. Hier werden drei grĂ¶ĂŸere Karstbereiche vorgestellt (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot und das Barrois), die drei grossen TĂ€lern (Mosel, Maas und Marne) zugehören und drei grosse Kalkmassive (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien) anschneiden. In diesen Karstgebieten wurden 84 Datierungen nach der Methode U/Th in alpha oder in TIMS vorgenommen. Die Synthese dieser Daten bestĂ€tigt den Beitrag, den der Karst fĂŒr die palĂ€ogeographische Rekonstruierung liefert, insbesondere im Bereich des Einschneidens des hydrographischen Netzes, des RĂŒckweichens der nichtkalkigen Deckschichten und palĂ€oklimatischer Rekonstruktionen

    Apport des datations U/Th de spĂ©lĂ©othĂšmes Ă  la connaissance de l’incision du rĂ©seau hydrographique de l’Est du Bassin parisien

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    Dans l’Est du Bassin parisien, la karstification s’exprime selon deux modes essentiels, soit au contact d’une couverture argilo-sableuse sur les plateaux calcaires, soit au contact d’une nappe alluviale dans les fonds de vallĂ©e. Dans tous les cas, l’évolution de ces karsts suit l’incision des vallĂ©es. On prĂ©sente ici trois sites karstiques majeurs (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot et le Barrois), infĂ©odĂ©s Ă  trois grandes vallĂ©es de l’Est du Bassin parisien (la Moselle, la Meuse et la Marne) recoupant trois grandes masses carbonatĂ©es (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien). Dans ces karsts, 84 datations ont Ă©tĂ© entreprises par la mĂ©thode U/Th soit en alpha, soit en TIMS. La synthĂšse de ces dates confirme l’apport que constitue le karst dans les reconstitutions palĂ©oenvironnementales en particulier dans le domaine de l’incision du rĂ©seau hydrographique, du recul des couvertures non carbonatĂ©es et des reconstitutions palĂ©oclimatiques.In the eastern part of the Paris Basin, karstification occurs, essentially in two modes, one at the contact of a sandy-clayey cover on limestone plateaus, the other beneath alluvium in the floors of valleys. In every case, evolution of the karsts follows incision of the valleys. In this paper, three major karstic systems are presented (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot and the Barrois), associated with three large valleys (the Moselle, the Meuse and the Marne), cutting three large limestone masses (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien). In these karsts, 84 dates were obtained using the U/Th method (alpha, TIMS). These dates confirm the contribution of the karst to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the fields of river system incision, retreat of the non-carbonate cover and palaeoclimatic reconstruction.Im Osten des Pariser Beckens  erscheint die Verkarstung in zwei wesentlichen Formen – in Kontakt mit einer lehmig-sandigen Decke auf den Kalkplateaus oder in Kontakt mit einer alluvialen Schicht in den TalgrĂŒnden. In allen FĂ€llen folgt die Entwicklung dieser Karste dem Einschneiden der TĂ€ler. Hier werden drei grĂ¶ĂŸere Karstbereiche vorgestellt (Pierre-la-Treiche, Trampot und das Barrois), die drei grossen TĂ€lern (Mosel, Maas und Marne) zugehören und drei grosse Kalkmassive (Bajocien, Oxfordien, Tithonien) anschneiden. In diesen Karstgebieten wurden 84 Datierungen nach der Methode U/Th in alpha oder in TIMS vorgenommen. Die Synthese dieser Daten bestĂ€tigt den Beitrag, den der Karst fĂŒr die palĂ€ogeographische Rekonstruierung liefert, insbesondere im Bereich des Einschneidens des hydrographischen Netzes, des RĂŒckweichens der nichtkalkigen Deckschichten und palĂ€oklimatischer Rekonstruktionen

    New stable QTLs for berry weight do not colocalize with QTLs for seed traits in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: In grapevine, as in other fruit crops, fruit size and seed content are key components of yield and quality; however, very few Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for berry weight and seed content (number, weight, and dry matter percentage) have been discovered so far. To identify new stable QTLs for marker-assisted selection and candidate gene identification, we performed simultaneous QTL detection in four mapping populations (seeded or seedless) with various genetic backgrounds. RESULTS: For berry weight, we identified five new QTLs, on linkage groups (LGs) 1, 8, 11, 17 and 18, in addition to the known major QTL on LG 18. The QTL with the largest effect explained up to 31% of total variance and was found in two genetically distant populations on LG 17, where it colocalized with a published putative domestication locus. For seed traits, besides the major QTLs on LG 18 previously reported, we found four new QTLs explaining up to 51% of total variance, on LGs 4, 5, 12 and 14. The previously published QTL for seed number on LG 2 was found related in fact to sex. We found colocalizations between seed and berry weight QTLs only for the major QTL on LG 18 in a seedless background, and on LGs 1 and 13 in a seeded background. Candidate genes belonging to the cell number regulator CNR or cytochrome P450 families were found under the berry weight QTLs on LGs 1, 8, and 17. The involvement of these gene families in fruit weight was first described in tomato using a QTL-cloning approach. Several other interesting candidate genes related to cell wall modifications, water import, auxin and ethylene signalling, transcription control, or organ identity were also found under berry weight QTLs. CONCLUSION: We discovered a total of nine new QTLs for berry weight or seed traits in grapevine, thereby increasing more than twofold the number of reliable QTLs for these traits available for marker assisted selection or candidate gene studies. The lack of colocalization between berry and seed QTLs suggests that these traits may be partly dissociated

    Imaging of Red-Shifted Light From Bioluminescent Tumors Using Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation From Luminescence

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    Early detection of tumors is today a major challenge and requires sensitive imaging methodologies coupled with new efficient probes. In vivo optical bioluminescence imaging has been widely used in the field of preclinical oncology to visualize tumors and several cancer cell lines have been genetically modified to provide bioluminescence signals. However, the light emitted by the majority of commonly used luciferases is usually in the blue part of the visible spectrum, where tissue absorption is still very high, making deep tissue imaging non-optimal, and calling for optimized optical imaging methodologies. We have previously shown that red-shifting of bioluminescence signal by Fluorescence Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL) is a mean to increase bioluminescence signal sensitivity detection in vivo. Here, we applied FUEL to tumor detection in two different subcutaneous tumor models: the auto-luminescent human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line and the murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line previously transfected with a plasmid encoding the Luc2 firefly luciferase. Tumor size and bioluminescence were measured over time and tumor vascularization characterized. We then locally injected near infrared emitting Quantum Dots (NIR QDs) in the tumor site and observed a red-shifting of bioluminescence signal by (FUEL) indicating that FUEL could be used to allow deeper tumor detection in mice
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