Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 positive hospital admissions among children in South Africa

INTRODUCTION : We describe epidemiology and outcomes of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and positive admissions among children <18 years in South Africa, an upper-middle income setting with high inequality. METHODS : Laboratory and hospital COVID-19 surveillance data, 28 January - 19 September 2020 was used. Testing rates were calculated as number of tested for SARS-CoV-2 divided by population at risk; test positivity rates were calculated as positive tests divided by total number of tests. In-hospital case fatality ratio (CFR) was calculated based on hospitalized positive admissions with outcome data who died in-hospital and whose death was judged SARS-CoV-2 related by attending physician. FINDINGS : 315 570 children aged <18 years were tested for SARS-CoV-2; representing 8.9% of all 3 548 738 tests and 1.6% of all children in the country. Of children tested, 46 137 (14.6%) were positive. Children made up 2.9% (n = 2007) of all SARS-CoV-2 positive admissions to sentinel hospitals. Among children, 47 died (2.6% case-fatality). In-hospital deaths were associated with male sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.18 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08–4.40)] vs female; age <1 year [aOR 4.11 (95% CI 1.08–15.54)], age 10–14 years [aOR 4.20 (95% CI1.07–16.44)], age 15–17 years [aOR 4.86 (95% 1.28–18.51)] vs age 1–4 years; admission to a public hospital [aOR 5.07(95% 2.01–12.76)] vs private hospital and ≥1 underlying conditions [aOR 12.09 (95% CI 4.19–34.89)] vs none. CONCLUSIONS : Children with underlying conditions were at greater risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 outcomes. Children > 10 years, those in certain provinces and those with underlying conditions should be considered for increased testing and vaccination.SUPPORTING INFORMATION : TABLE S1: Description of SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR positive children <18 years in South Africa, 1 March 2020–19 September 2020 (N = 45 609). TABLE S2: Description of SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR positive hospital admissions among children <18 years in South Africa by province, 1 March 2020–19 September 2020 (N = 2007). TABLE S3: Distribution of non-missing variables among children with complete follow up and included in multivariable model (N = 1817). TABLE S4: Factors associated with in-hospital death among SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR positive admissions in children <18 years, South Africa, 1 March 2020–19 September 2020. FIGURE S1: Number of SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR tests*, percent positive tests and associated- hospital admissions among children <18 years by province and epidemiology week, South Africa, 1 March 2020–19 September 2020.National Department of Health, Republic of South Africahttp://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/irvhj2022School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Robot berkaki enam pencari dan pemadam api lilin

Robot yang dirancang adalah robot berkaki enam yang mampu mencari dan memadamkan api yang berada diruang tertentu dangan lintasan yang telah ditentukan. Robot akan mencari sumber api lilin pada sebuah ruangan dan akan memadamkannya, setelah memadamkan api lilin, robot Diusahakan dapat kembali ketempat awal robot berangkat, yang dikatakan home. Dalam mencari dan memadamkan robot diberi waktu 5 rnenit. Dan untuk kembali ke-home adalah bebas. Robot ini memiliki 5 tipe sensor berbeda, yaitu sensor pendeteksi dinding dekat yang ditaruh di depan samping kiri dan samping kanan, sensor pendeteksi dinding jauh, sensor api dengan infra rnerah, sensor api UVtron, sensor warna putih. Kelima tipe sensor ini di olah oleh sebuah mikrokontroler AT89S51, robot akan mencari ruangan dengan metode dikte dan metode susur dinding

Interview with Curandero_13

Conversation with a curandero about a spiritual healing. Side2_Ponchohttps://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/curanderismorecordings/1054/thumbnail.jp

Interview with Curandero_01

Interview with a curandero in regards to common practices in his field of work. Poncho in Reynosa_Side1andSide2https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/curanderismorecordings/1029/thumbnail.jp

Interview with Curandero_13

Conversation with a curandero about a spiritual healing. Side2_Ponch

Foreign Direct Investment on Improving The Quality of Exported Commodities in Indonesia Manufacture Sector

This paper uses the theoretical framework of Melitz type where the model explains the heterogeneity within the firms and the significance of the inwards Foreign Direct Investment on the improvement of export quality. FDI will affect optimal prices and quality. The theoretical model then transformed into panel data with the industry level data in Indonesia’s manufacturing sector from 2011 to 2015. The finding estimated is there is a significant impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the quality of commodities exported which is increasing in Foreign Direct Investment increase the export unit value