Construction of a synthetic infectious cDNA clone of Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV-Nf) and its biological activity in Nicotiana benthamiana and grapevine plants

Background: Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV) is a tombusvirus first isolated in 1989 from an Algerian grapevine (Vitis spp.) plant and more recently from water samples and commercial nipplefruit and statice plants. No further reports of natural GALV infections in grapevine have been published in the last two decades, and artificial inoculations of grapevine plants have not been reported. We developed and tested a synthetic GALV construct for the inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana plants and different grapevine genotypes to investigate the ability of this virus to infect and spread systemically in different hosts. Methods: We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of all known GALV sequences and an epidemiological survey of grapevine samples to detect the virus. A GALV-Nf clone under the control of the T7 promoter was chemically synthesized based on the full-length sequence of the nipplefruit isolate GALV-Nf, the only available sequence at the time the project was conceived, and the infectious transcripts were tested in N. benthamiana plants. A GALV-Nf-based binary vector was then developed for the agroinoculation of N. benthamiana and grapevine plants. Infections were confirmed by serological and molecular analysis and the resulting ultrastructural changes were investigated in both species. Results: Sequence analysis showed that the GALV coat protein is highly conserved among diverse isolates. The first epidemiological survey of cDNAs collected from 152 grapevine plants with virus-like symptoms did not reveal the presence of GALV in any of the samples. The agroinoculation of N. benthamiana and grapevine plants with the GALV-Nf binary vector promoted efficient infections, as revealed by serological and molecular analysis. The GALV-Nf infection of grapevine plants was characterized in more detail by inoculating different cultivars, revealing distinct patterns of symptom development. Ultrastructural changes induced by GALV-Nf in N. benthamiana were similar to those induced by tombusviruses in other hosts, but the cytopathological alterations in grapevine plants were less severe. Conclusions: This is the first report describing the development of a synthetic GALV-Nf cDNA clone, its artificial transmission to grapevine plants and the resulting symptoms and cytopathological alterations

Construction of a synthetic infectious cDNA clone of Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV-Nf) and its biological activity in Nicotiana benthamiana and grapevine plants.

This is the first report describing the development of a synthetic GALV-Nf cDNA clone, its artificialtransmission to grapevine plants and the resulting symptoms and cytopathological alteration

Predictive value of baseline [18f]fdg pet/ct for response to systemic therapy in patients with advanced melanoma

Background/Aim: To evaluate the association between baseline [18F]FDG-PET/CT tumor burden parameters and disease progression rate after first-line target therapy or immunotherapy in advanced melanoma patients. Materials and Methods: Forty four melanoma patients, who underwent [18F]FDG-PET/CT before first-line target therapy (28/44) or immunotherapy (16/44), were retrospectively analyzed. Whole-body and per-district metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated. Therapy response was assessed according to RECIST 1.1 on CT scan at 3 (early) and 12 (late) months. PET parameters were compared using the Mann–Whitney test. Optimal cut-offs for predicting progression were defined using the ROC curve. PFS and OS were studied using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: Median (IQR) MTVwb and TLGwb were 13.1 mL and 72.4, respectively. Non-responder patients were 38/44, 26/28 and 12/16 at early evaluation, and 33/44, 21/28 and 12/16 at late evaluation in the whole-cohort, target, and immunotherapy subgroup, respectively. At late evaluation, MTVbone and TLGbone were higher in non-responders compared to responder patients (all p < 0.037) in the whole-cohort and target subgroup and MTVwb and TLGwb (all p < 0.022) in target subgroup. No significant differences were found for the immunotherapy subgroup. No metabolic parameters were able to predict PFS. Controversially, MTVlfn, TLGlfn, MTVsoft + lfn, TLGsoft + lfn, MTVwb and TLGwb were significantly associated (all p < 0.05) with OS in both the whole-cohort and target therapy subgroup. Conclusions: Higher values of whole-body and bone metabolic parameters were correlated with poorer outcome, while higher values of whole-body, lymph node and soft tissue metabolic parameters were correlated with OS

The role of scatterometry in ocean model forcing

VI Expanding Ocean Frontiers Conference, 5-7 July 2021, Barcelona, Spain.-- 25 page

Extrem, o no tan extrem, aquesta és la qüestió

3 pages, 2 figures[EN] This proves to be a question that is difficult to answer, but has far-reaching consequences for satellite meteorology, weather forecasting, oceanography, climate and hurricane advisories. Hurricanes are among the deadliest of the existing natural disasters, moreover causing formidable economic losses (Bevere et al. 2020). Accurate, short- and medium-range forecasting of their intensity and track (among others) are therefore essential to mitigate human and economic losses. In the longer range, it is also important to understand whether extreme weather conditions are becoming more extreme in a changing climate, stirring deeper waters in the ocean and hence affecting climate system dynamics. Unfortunately, tropical circulation conditions, such as El Niño and the Madden Julian Oscillation, are associated with large year-to-year variability in extreme wind speed distribution and their link to climate change is poorly understood, limiting our ability to determine whether the hurricane climatology is actually changing or not. […][ES] Esta es una pregunta difícil de responder, pero que tiene consecuencias de gran alcance para la meteorología satelital, la previsión meteorológica, la oceanografía, el clima y los programas de aviso de huracanes. Los huracanes se encuentran entre los desastres naturales más mortíferos y, además, causan enormes pérdidas económicas (Bevere et al. 2020). Por lo tanto, una predicción precisa de su intensidad y trayectoria a corto y medio plazo son esenciales para mitigar las pérdidas humanas y económicas. A más largo plazo, también es importante comprender si las condiciones meteorológicas extremas se están volviendo más extremas en el contexto del cambio climático, llegando a perturbar aguas más profundas y, por lo tanto, afectando la dinámica del sistema climático entero. Desafortunadamente, fenómenos como El Niño y la Oscilación de Madden-Julian, están asociados a una gran variabilidad interanual en la distribución de la intensidad de vientos extremos, con una dependencia del cambio climático todavía poco clara, limitando así nuestra capacidad para determinar si la climatología de huracanes en realidad está cambiando o no. […][CAT] Aquesta és una pregunta difícil de respondre, però que té conseqüències de gran abast per a la meteorologia satel·litària, la previsió meteorològica, l’oceanografia, el clima i els programes d’avís d’huracans. Els huracans es troben entre els desastres naturals més mortífers i, a més, causen enormes pèrdues econòmiques (Bevere et al. 2020). Per tant, una predicció precisa de la seva intensitat i trajectòria a curt i mitjà termini són essencials per a mitigar les pèrdues humanes i econòmiques. A més llarg termini, també és important comprendre si les condicions meteorològiques extremes s’estan tornant més extremes en el context del canvi climàtic, arribant a pertorbar aigües més profundes i, per tant, afectant la dinàmica del sistema climàtic sencer. Desafortunadament, fenòmens com El Niño i l’Oscil·lació de Madden-Julian estan associats a una gran variabilitat interanual en la distribució de la intensitat de vents extrems, amb una dependència del canvi climàtic encara poc clara, limitant així la nostra capacitat per a determinar si la climatologia d’huracans en realitat està canviant o no. […]Peer reviewe

Distinct colonization patterns and cDNA-AFLP transcriptome profiles in compatible and incompatible interactions between melon and different races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis

Background: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Snyd. & Hans. (FOM) causes Fusarium wilt, the most important infectious disease of melon (Cucumis melo L.). The four known races of this pathogen can be distinguished only by infection on appropriate cultivars. No molecular tools are available that can discriminate among the races, and the molecular basis of compatibility and disease progression are poorly understood. Resistance to races 1 and 2 is controlled by a single dominant gene, whereas only partial polygenic resistance to race 1,2 has been described. We carried out a large-scale cDNA-AFLP analysis to identify host genes potentially related to resistance and susceptibility as well as fungal genes associated with the infection process. At the same time, a systematic reisolation procedure on infected stems allowed us to monitor fungal colonization in compatible and incompatible host-pathogen combinations. Results: Melon plants (cv. Charentais Fom-2), which are susceptible to race 1,2 and resistant to race 1, were artificially infected with a race 1 strain of FOM or one of two race 1,2 w strains. Host colonization of stems was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 16, 18 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi), and the fungus was reisolated from infected plants. Markedly different colonization patterns were observed in compatible and incompatible host-pathogen combinations. Five time points from the symptomless early stage (2 dpi) to obvious wilting symptoms (21 dpi) were considered for cDNA-AFLP analysis. After successful sequencing of 627 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) differentially expressed in infected plants, homology searching retrieved 305 melon transcripts, 195 FOM transcripts expressed in planta and 127 orphan TDFs. RNA samples from FOM colonies of the three strains grown in vitro were also included in the analysis to facilitate the detection of in planta-specific transcripts and to identify TDFs differentially expressed among races/strains. Conclusion: Our data suggest that resistance against FOM in melon involves only limited transcriptional changes, and that wilting symptoms could derive, at least partially, from an active plant response. We discuss the pathogen-derived transcripts expressed in planta during the infection process and potentially related to virulence functions, as well as transcripts that are differentially expressed between the two FOM races grown in vitro. These transcripts provide candidate sequences that can be further tested for their ability to distinguish between races. Sequence data from this article have been deposited in GenBank, Accession Numbers: HO867279-HO867981