O cálculo mental na resolução de problemas por crianças com necessidades educativas especiais : estudo de caso no 1º ciclo do ensino básico

O presente estudo tem como questão central “Que alterações se verificam nas estratégias de cálculo mental e de resolução de problemas utilizadas por crianças do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico com Atraso Global de Desenvolvimento (NEE), num contexto de uso de tarefas matemáticas que envolvem multiplicações e divisões?”. Para substanciar a investigação utilizou-se uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa com a forma de estudo de caso simples. Trata-se de uma investigação onde foi estudada uma aluna com NEE de caráter permanente, de forma mais pormenorizada, de uma turma do 4.º ano de escolaridade, em que a investigadora é simultaneamente professora titular. Como principais fontes de recolha de dados privilegiou-se as folhas de resolução das tarefas exploradas e dos testes implementados, no início e no final da observação, entrevista, processo individual da aluna e Plano de Trabalho de Turma. Os dados permitem afirmar que nas estratégias de resolução de problemas a aluna recorreu ao desenho, diagrama ou esquema e, também a descobrir um padrão, regra ou lei de formação. Relativamente ao cálculo mental, recorreu com mais frequência às estratégias como se recorresse ao lápis e papel e decompor um dos fatores. Ao longo da realização das tarefas foi notória a evolução em termos do tempo de execução das mesmas e a forma como comunicava as estratégias utilizadas fazendo conexões com outras tarefas já realizadas. Estas tarefas permitiram desenvolver na aluna estratégias de cálculo com base em conhecimentos que já possuía, aquisição de novas estratégias através da discussão em grande grupo, consolidação de aprendizagens pré-adquiridas e capacidade para comunicar matematicamente.Abstract The central question of the present study is "What changes are occurring in the mental calculation strategies and problem solving used by children of the 1st cycle of basic education with Global Development Delay (SEN) in the context of use of mathematical tasks involving multiplication and division?" To substantiate the research the methodology used was of qualitative and interpretative nature, in the form of a simple case study. The present is an investigation in which a student with special education needs (SEN) of a permanent character was followed. The student belongs to the 4th grade in secondary school, where the researcher is simultaneously the professor. The main sources of data collection were privileged papers on solving the tasks explored as well as tests conducted at the beginning and at the end of the observation, interviews with the individual student and the Work Plan of the Class. The data has revealed that the student´s strategies for solving problems the student include drawing, diagrams or schemes, and also pattern recognition, and rule or law training. Regarding the mental calculation process, the student resorted more often to strategies like using the pencil and paper and decomposition of the factors. Throughout the period of task completion there was a clear evolution in terms of the duration of the execution of the tasks, as well as in the way in which the strategies used were communicated, by making connections with other tasks already accomplished. These tasks contributed to the development of the student’s calculus capabilities based on the knowledge she already possessed, to the acquisition of new strategies through discussions in large groups, to the consolidation of pre-acquired knowledge, and to the ability to communicate mathematically

Engaging Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Testing and Prevention Services Through Technology: Protocol for the iSTAMP Comparative Effectiveness Trial

BackgroundGay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly Black or African American MSM (BMSM) and Hispanic or Latino MSM (HLMSM), continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic in the United States. Previous HIV self-testing programs have yielded high testing rates, although these studies predominantly enrolled White, non-Hispanic MSM. Mobile health tools can support HIV prevention, testing, and treatment. This protocol details an implementation study of mailing free HIV self-tests (HIVSTs) nested within a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the benefit of a mobile phone app for increasing the uptake of HIV prevention and other social services. ObjectiveThis study was a comparative effectiveness trial of innovative recruitment and testing promotion strategies intended to effectively reach cisgender BMSM and HLMSM. We evaluated the use of a mobile app for increasing access to care. MethodsStudy development began with individual and group consultations that elicited feedback from 3 core groups: HIV care practitioners and researchers, HIV service organization leaders from study states, and BMSM and HLMSM living in the study states. Upon completion of the formative qualitative work, participants from 11 states, based on the observed areas of highest rate of new HIV diagnoses among Black and Hispanic MSM, were recruited through social networking websites and smartphone apps. After eligibility was verified, participants consented and were randomized to the intervention arm (access to the Know@Home mobile app) or the control arm (referral to web resources). We provided all participants with HIVSTs. The evaluation of the efficacy of a mobile phone app to support linkage to posttest prevention services that included sexually transmitted infection testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation, antiretroviral treatment, and acquisition of condoms and compatible lubricants has been planned. Data on these outcomes were obtained from several sources, including HIVST-reporting surveys, the 4-month follow-up survey, laboratory analyses of dried blood spot cards returned by the participant, and data obtained from the state health department surveillance systems. Where possible, relevant subgroup analyses were performed. ResultsDuring the formative development phase, 9 consultations were conducted: 6 in-depth individual discussions and 3 group consultations. From February 2020 through February 2021, we enrolled 2093 MSM in the randomized controlled trial from 11 states, 1149 BMSM and 944 HLMSM. ConclusionsThis study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of recruitment strategies to reach BMSM and HMSM and of a mobile app with regard to linkage to HIV prevention or treatment services. Data were also obtained to allow for the analyses of cost and cost-effectiveness related to study enrollment, HIV testing uptake, identification of previously undiagnosed HIV, sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment, and linkage to HIV prevention or treatment services. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04219878); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04219878 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/4341

Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among HIV-negative and unknown HIV status men who have sex with men, 20 US cities

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent over half of new HIV infections in the United States. It is important to understand the factors associated with engaging in risky sexual behavior to develop effective prevention interventions. Binge drinking (≥5 drinks on ≥1 occasion) is the most common form of excessive alcohol consumption. This study examines the relationship between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among MSM who are current drinkers and who were either HIV-negative or unaware of their HIV status. METHODS: Using the 2011 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and multivariable Poisson models with robust error estimates, we assessed the association between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among current drinkers. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. RESULTS: Overall, 85% of MSM were current drinkers, and 59% of MSM who drank reported ≥1 episode of binge drinking in the preceding 30 days. In multivariable models, binge drinking was associated with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) at last sex with an HIV-positive or unknown status partner (receptive: PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6; insertive: PR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.4), having exchanged sex for money or drugs at last sex (PR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), having concurrent partners in the past year (PR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.2), and having more CAI partners in the past year (PR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.4) compared to non-binge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based strategies for reducing binge drinking could help reduce risky sexual behavior among MSM