Improvements in natural air supply concerning thermal winter comfort, IAQ and energy consumption

The paper presents the effect on thermal conditions, heat consumption and the perception of thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) of different types of trickle ventilators (pressure controlled at 2 Pa pressure difference or 10 Pa with(out) back draft valve and with(out) demand controlled mechanical extract in all rooms), since these are key factors in the evaluation of the ventilators. All of these aspects are investigated by means of simulations (CFD parametric analysis and Contam) and measurements in a climatic chamber (cold box - hot box) in order to develop a trickle ventilator with improved performance

Combinaison des techniques de géodésie spatiale

This PhD Thesis deals with the combinations of observations provided by the space geodetic techniques DORIS, GPS, SLR, and VLBI. These combinations are currently under investigation, especially in the framework of the IERS working group COL (Combination at the Observation Level). In order to obtain the best possible results with this approach, a homogeneous combined terrestrial frame is needed. Effort has also been made here to obtain the best possible realization of the terrestrial reference system. To achieve this goal, I have tested several approaches of combinations at the observation level. A new model of combination is proposed, which allows us to obtain a homogeneous frame. The contribution of the local ties between co-located stations and their impact regarding the homogeneity of the weekly combined frames are analysed too. To do that, I have adapted a GPS data processing by sub-networks in order to have a dense GPS network and a large number of co-located stations. To strengthen the links between the techniques, the uses of common zenithal tropospheric delays and spatial links via multi-technique satellites, are studied and I have proved their relevance. Finally, a combination at the observation level is performed for the year 2005. This work has also allowed to obtain EOP and station positions time series which take advantage of the processing consistency and of the best qualities, regarding the temporal resolution and the accuracy, of each technique used in the combination.Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur les combinaisons d'observations obtenues par les techniques de géodésie spatiale DORIS, GPS, SLR et VLBI. Cette approche de combinaison au niveau des observations fait actuellement l'objet de différentes expériences, notamment dans le cadre du groupe de travail COL (Combination at the Observation Level) de l'IERS. Afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats possibles, la définition d'un repère terrestre combiné homogène est nécessaire. Je me suis donc attaché ici à obtenir la meilleure réalisation possible du système de référence terrestre. Dans ce but, différentes approches ont été testées. Un nouveau modèle de combinaison a été développé, qui permet l'obtention d'un repère terrestre homogène. L'apport des rattachements locaux entre instruments co-localisés et leur impact sur l'homogénéité des repères combinés hebdomadaires ont également été analysés. Pour cela, j'ai adapté une méthode de traitement des données GPS par sous-réseaux afin de disposer d'un réseau GPS dense et d'un grand nombre de stations co-localisées. Pour renforcer les liens entre les techniques, l'utilisation de délais troposphériques zénithaux communs et de liens spatiaux via des satellites multi-techniques a été étudié et j'ai démontré leur pertinence. Enfin, une telle combinaison a été réalisée sur l'année 2005. Ce travail a ainsi permis d'obtenir des séries temporelles d'EOP et de positions de stations bénéficiant de l'homogénéité des traitements réalisés et de la meilleure résolution temporelle (notamment en ce qui concerne les EOP) et exactitude de chacune des quatre techniques utilisées dans la combinaison

Combinaison des techniques de géodésie spatiale (contributions aux réalisations des systèmes de référence et à la détermination de la rotation de la Terre)

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur les combinaisons d'observations obtenues par les techniques de géodésie spatiale DORIS, GPS, SLR et VLBI. Cette approche de combinaison au niveau des observations fait actuellement l'objet de différentes expériences, notamment dans le cadre du groupe de travail COL (Combination at the Observation Level) de l'IERS. Afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats possibles, la définition d'un repère terrestre combiné homogène est nécessaire. Je me suis donc attaché ici à obtenir la meilleure réalisation possible du système de référence terrestre. Dans ce but, différentes approches ont été testées. Un nouveau modèle de combinaison a été développé, qui permet l'obtention d'un repère terrestre homogène. L'apport des rattachements locaux entre instruments co-localisés et leur impact sur l'homogénéité des repères combinés hebdomadaires ont également été analysés. Pour cela, j'ai adapté une méthode de traitement des données GPS par sous-réseaux afin de disposer d'un réseau GPS dense et d'un grand nombre de stations co-localisées. Pour renforcer les liens entre les techniques, l'utilisation de délais troposphériques zénithaux communs et de liens spatiaux via des satellites multi-techniques a été étudié et j'ai démontré leur pertinence. Enfin, une telle combinaison a été réalisée sur l'année 2005. Ce travail a ainsi permis d'obtenir des séries temporelles d'EOP et de positions de stations bénéficiant de l'homogénéité des traitements réalisés et de la meilleure résolution temporelle (notamment en ce qui concerne les EOP) et exactitude de chacune des quatre techniques utilisées dans la combinaison.This PhD Thesis deals with the combinations of observations provided by the space geodetic techniques DORIS, GPS, SLR, and VLBI. These combinations are currently under investigation, especially in the framework of the IERS working group COL (Combination at the Observation Level). In order to obtain the best possible results with this approach, a homogeneous combined terrestrial frame is needed. Effort has also been made here to obtain the best possible realization of the terrestrial reference system. To achieve this goal, I have tested several approaches of combinations at the observation level. A new model of combination is proposed, which allows us to obtain a homogeneous frame. The contribution of the local ties between co-located stations and their impact regarding the homogeneity of the weekly combined frames are analysed too. To do that, I have adapted a GPS data processing by sub-networks in order to have a dense GPS network and a large number of co-located stations. To strengthen the links between the techniques, the uses of common zenithal tropospheric delays and spatial links via multi-technique satellites, are studied and I have proved their relevance. Finally, a combination at the observation level is performed for the year 2005. This work has also allowed to obtain EOP and station positions time series which take advantage of the processing consistency and of the best qualities, regarding the temporal resolution and the accuracy, of each technique used in the combination.PARIS-Observatoire (751142302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Methodological issues when using face prototypes: A case study on the Faceaurus dataset

Prototype faces, created by averaging faces from several individuals sharing a common characteristic (for example a certain personality trait), can be used for highly informative experimental designs in face research. Although the facial prototype method is both ingenious and useful, we argue that its implementation is associated with three major issues: lack of external validity and non-independence of the units of information, both aggravated by a lack of transparency regarding the methods used and their limitations. Here, we describe these limitations and illustrate our claims with a systematic review of studies creating facial stimuli using the prototypes dataset “Faceaurus” (Holtzman, 2011). We then propose some solutions that can eliminate or reduce these problems. We provide recommendations for future research employing this method on how to produce more generalisable and replicable results

Methodological issues when using face prototypes: A case study on the Faceaurus dataset

Prototype faces, created by averaging faces from several individuals sharing a common characteristic (for example a certain personality trait), can be used for highly informative experimental designs in face research. Although the facial prototype method is both ingenious and useful, we argue that its implementation is associated with three major issues: lack of external validity and non-independence of the units of information, both aggravated by a lack of transparency regarding the methods used and their limitations. Here, we describe these limitations and illustrate our claims with a systematic review of studies creating facial stimuli using the prototypes dataset “Faceaurus” (Holtzman, 2011). We then propose some solutions that can eliminate or reduce these problems. We provide recommendations for future research employing this method on how to produce more generalisable and replicable results

Multi-technique combination of space geodesy observations

International audienceOver the last few years studying combination at the observation level (COL) of the different space geodesy techniques yielded that some common parameters can be taken advantage of. Some of these parameters, such as Zenithal Tropospheric Delays (ZTD), are available on co-location sites, where more than one technique is present. Local ties (LT) are provided for these sites, and act as intra-technique links and allow resulting terrestrial reference frames (TRF) to be homogeneous, but their use can be problematic. Similar co-locations can be found on multi-technique satellites, where more than one technique receiver is featured, but the challenge of using these space ties (ST) relies in the accurate knowledge or estimation of their values. In this study, results from a multi-technique combination including the Jason-2 satellite and its effect on the GNSS orbit determination are presented, as well as results on station positions' determination. Comparing resulting orbits with official solutions provides an assessment of the effect on the orbit calculation by introducing orbiting stations' observations

Multi-technique combination of space geodesy observations

International audienceOver the last few years studying combination at the observation level (COL) of the different space geodesy techniques yielded that some common parameters can be taken advantage of. Some of these parameters, such as Zenithal Tropospheric Delays (ZTD), are available on co-location sites, where more than one technique is present. Local ties (LT) are provided for these sites, and act as intra-technique links and allow resulting terrestrial reference frames (TRF) to be homogeneous, but their use can be problematic. Similar co-locations can be found on multi-technique satellites, where more than one technique receiver is featured, but the challenge of using these space ties (ST) relies in the accurate knowledge or estimation of their values. In this study, results from a multi-technique combination including the Jason-2 satellite and its effect on the GNSS orbit determination are presented, as well as results on station positions' determination. Comparing resulting orbits with official solutions provides an assessment of the effect on the orbit calculation by introducing orbiting stations' observations

Global optimization of core station networks for space geodesy: application to the referencing of the SLR EOP with respect to ITRF

International audienc

Construire l’intégrité scientifique des étudiants :pour une formation cohérente à l’écriture de recherche

info:eu-repo/semantics/inPres