79 research outputs found

    Vaccination against toxoplasmosis in farm animals

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    Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. It is transmitted to man by the ingestion of contaminated and undercooked meat. In sheep and goats, toxoplasmosis causes numerous abortions. A thorough analysis of the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in different animal species will help consumer information and thus limit the risks of transmission. The vaccination of farm animals may help reduce the transmission to man, as well as prevent abortion in ewes. A naturally attenuated live T. gondii vaccine is available for the prevention of abortions in ewes, but its virulence is not fully controlled, and there is a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain. Molecular biology techniques have lead to the development of attenuated strains through the deletion of targeted genes, which are unlikely to revert to their initial virulence. A strain called Mic1-3KO was shown to be effective against congenital and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. It is also effective against congenital toxoplasmosis in ewes. This vaccine approach remains promising.La toxoplasmose est une zoonose mondialement rĂ©pandue. Chez l'homme, elle apparaĂźt aprĂšs l'ingestion de viandes insuffisamment cuites d'animaux contaminĂ©s. Chez le mouton et la chĂšvre, elle est Ă  l'origine de nombreux avortements. Une Ă©tude approfondie de sa sĂ©roprĂ©valence chez les diffĂ©rentes espĂšces animales peut permettre de mieux informer les consommateurs et ainsi de limiter les risques de transmission. La vaccination des animaux semble ĂȘtre une alternative intĂ©ressante puisqu'elle pourrait diminuer la transmission Ă  l'homme mais Ă©galement prĂ©venir les avortements chez les brebis. L'utilisation d'une souche naturelle de Toxoplasma gondii incomplĂšte, prĂ©sentant une virulence attĂ©nuĂ©e, a montrĂ© son efficacitĂ© dans la protection contre l'avortement des brebis. Cependant, sa virulence n'est pas bien contrĂŽlĂ©e, et le risque de rĂ©version vers la forme virulente existe. Les techniques de biologie molĂ©culaire ont permis d'obtenir des souches attĂ©nuĂ©es par la dĂ©lĂ©tion de gĂšnes ciblĂ©s, qui ne sont pas susceptibles de retrouver leur virulence d'origine. L'une d'elles, appelĂ©e Mic1-3KO, a montrĂ© son efficacitĂ© dans un modĂšle murin contre la toxoplasmose chronique et congĂ©nitale. Elle est Ă©galement efficace contre la toxoplasmose congĂ©nitale chez la brebis. Cette dĂ©marche vaccinale reste prometteuse. De plus, l'utilisation du toxoplasme comme vecteur vaccinal reste une perspective intĂ©ressante, puisque ce parasite est capable d'exprimer des protĂ©ines Ă©trangĂšres

    Mic1-3 Knockout Toxoplasma gondii is a good candidate for a vaccine against T. gondii-induced abortion in sheep

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    This study assessed the effectiveness of a mutant strain of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) lacking the mic1 and mic3 genes (Mic1-3KO) against Toxoplasma abortion in sheep. Ewes were inoculated subcutaneously with 105 Mic1-3KO tachyzoïtes in three independent experiments. Following vaccination, Mic1-3KO induced a mild febrile response and serum IgG antibodies, which persisted throughout the experiments. Tissue cysts formed in the sheep, but were not, under our experimental conditions, infectious when given orally. Ewes were mated two months after vaccination and were orally challenged with the PRU strain of T. gondii at mid-gestation (400 oocysts in Experiments 1 and 2; 100 oocysts in Experiment 3). Challenge of vaccinated pregnant ewes resulted in a slight febrile response, whereas unvaccinated ewes developed a more severe, characteristic febrile response of longer duration. After challenge, all unvaccinated ewes aborted whereas 62%, 91% and 64% (Experiments 1, 2 and 3 respectively) of the lambs from vaccinated ewes were viable, with no clinical signs of infection. Mic1-3KO was as effective as S48, the strain used as a live vaccine for sheep (Toxovax¼). A dose of 105 Mic1-3KO tachyzoites was sufficient to induce protection (versus a dose of 2 × 106). Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections were effective. Moreover, preliminary results showed the potential of Mic1-3KO to reduce the development of tissue cysts in lambs born to vaccinated ewes. This study demonstrates that Mic1-3KO is a potent vaccine candidate

    Babesia divergens glycosylphosphatidylinositols modulate blood coagulation and induce Th2-biased cytokine profiles in antigen presenting cells

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    This work was supported by the the University of Tours (to IDP and FDG), the University of Montpellier (to SD and EC), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to RTS), the Wellcome Trust project grant 093228 (to TKS) and the Campus France/DAAD PHC PROCOPE 24931RE (to RTS and EC). The funding source has no involvement in the conduct of the research and preparation of the article.Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are glycolipids described as toxins of protozoan parasites due to their inflammatory properties in mammalian hosts characterized by the production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In the present work, we studied the cytokines produced by antigen presenting cells in response to ten different GPI species extracted from Babesia divergens, responsible for babesiosis. Interestingly, B. divergens GPIs induced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-5) and of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by macrophages and dendritic cells. In contrast to all protozoan GPIs studied until now, GPIs from B. divergens did not stimulate the production of TNF-α and IL-12, leading to a unique Th1/Th2 profile. Analysis of the carbohydrate composition of the B. divergens GPIs indicated that the di-mannose structure was different from the evolutionary conserved tri-mannose structure, which might explain the particular cytokine profile they induce. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on dendritic cells and apoptosis of mouse peritoneal cells were also analysed. B. divergens GPIs did not change expression of MHC class I, but decreased expression of MHC class II at the cell surface, while GPIs slightly increased the percentages of apoptotic cells. During pathogenesis of babesiosis, the inflammation-coagulation auto-amplification loop can lead to thrombosis and the effect of GPIs on coagulation parameters was investigated. Incubation of B. divergens GPIs with rat plasma ex vivo led to increase of fibrinogen levels and to prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, suggesting a direct modulation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway by GPIs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

    Conceiving the development of automobile driving : a contribution to the understanding of the activity and the instrumental genesis of the subjects and the autonomous vehicle

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    Au coeur des prĂ©occupations industrielles et politiques, le dĂ©veloppement du vĂ©hicule autonome constitue un enjeu majeur, tant Ă©conomique que pour la sĂ©curitĂ© routiĂšre et le dĂ©veloppement d’une mobilitĂ© durable. Depuis le lancement de la Google Car en 2010, qui a donnĂ© une grande impulsion Ă  cette innovation, les constructeurs automobiles, ainsi que de nombreux Ă©quipementiers et d’instituts de recherche, travaillent sur la thĂ©matique. Par consĂ©quent, de nombreux de projet de recherche, soutenus Ă  l’internationale par les autoritĂ©s gouvernementale, voient le jour. C’est dans ce cadre que s’insĂšre notre recherche financĂ©e par l’institut VEDECOM.Le vĂ©hicule autonome est un vĂ©hicule dont le contrĂŽle, total ou partiel, est assurĂ© par un ordinateur. Notre objectif est de comprendre et de documenter l'activitĂ© du conducteur Ă  bord d'un vĂ©hicule entiĂšrement autonome sur une pĂ©riode dĂ©terminĂ©e. Toutefois, ce type de vĂ©hicule n’est pas encore commercialisĂ© ; il est alors impossible d’en observer les usages. Pour pallier ce paradoxe, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© des situations, dites de rĂ©fĂ©rence, de conduite assistĂ©e ; et des situations simulĂ©es sur simulateur et sur piste. En se basant sur les principes de l’approche instrumentale et du sujet capable, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© des connaissances sur les genĂšses instrumentales liĂ©es Ă  l'introduction d'un vĂ©hicule autonome afin de proposer des perspectives pour une conception anthropocentrĂ©e et dĂ©veloppementale de ce dispositif technique.The development of the autonomous vehicle is at the heart of current industrial and political concerns: either economically, in terms of road safety, or for the development of sustainable forms of mobility. Since the launch of the Google Car in 2010 - a hallmark moment for the autonomous vehicle innovation - many car manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers, and research institutes have began to work on the subject. As a result, more and more research projects are emerging, often supported internationally by government authorities. It is in this context that our research has been conducted, funded by VEDECOM Institute.The autonomous vehicle whose control, partial or total, is managed by a computer. Our goal is to understand and document driver activity in a fully autonomous vehicle over a specified period. However, this type of vehicle is not yet on the market, and it is therefore impossible to observe its use in real-life situations. To overcome this paradox, we studied reference situations (assisted driving), and simulated situations (simulator and track).Based on the principles of the instrumental approach and the capable subject, we have developed knowledge on instrumental geneses related to the introduction of an autonomous vehicle, with an aim to provide perspectives for anthropocentric and developmental design of this technical device

    Architecture et continuité : Loos, Wittgenstein, Peirce

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    En me rĂ©fĂ©rant aux philosophes Charles S. Peirce et Ludwig Wittgenstein et Ă  l’architecte Adolf Loos, je me propose de questionner le processus de crĂ©ation en architecture et en design dans l’esprit d’un souci de conservation et de continuitĂ© entre conception, fabrication et usage. La vue d’ensemble nĂ©cessaire Ă  l’architecte, au designer ou Ă  l’artisan d’expĂ©rience n’est nullement une pure construction de l’esprit. Il s’agit bien plutĂŽt d’une pure prĂ©sence de l’esprit Ă  la rĂ©alitĂ©. Trouver la juste proposition architecturale pourrait, Ă  bien des Ă©gards, ressembler Ă  trouver le mot juste : une sĂ©rie d’essais, d’erreurs, d’idĂ©es et de propositions comparĂ©es entre elles. Un travail de la pensĂ©e qui rappelle le travail de l’artisan.Refering to the philosophers Charles S. Peirce and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the architect Adolf Loos, I intend to question the creative process in architecture and design in the spirit of a concern over conservation and continuity regarding design, manufacturing, and usage. The creative overview adopted by architect, designer or artisan, is not at all what one might call a pure view of the mind. It is rather a pure presence of the mind to reality. Finding the right architectural form could, in many respects, be like finding the right word : a series of trials, errors, ideas and of suggestions compared among themselves. A work of thought which recalls the one made by the craftsman

    Cellules dendritiques et exosomes (protection vaccinale vis-à-vis des formes chronique et congénitale de la toxoplasmose)

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    Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite protozoaire intracellulaire obligatoire, qui infecte tous les animaux homĂ©othermes, y compris l'homme. De caractĂšre bĂ©nin chez les personnes immunocompĂ©tentes, la toxoplasmose peut revĂȘtir un caractĂšre de grande sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ©, dans les cas d'immunosuppression et de contamination transplacentaire du foetus. Les travaux de notre laboratoire ont dĂ©montrĂ©, dans un modĂšle murin de transfert passif, le rĂŽle clef des cellules dendritiques (CD), cellules prĂ©sentatrices d'antigĂšnes professionnelles, dans la rĂ©ponse immune protectrice vis-Ă -vis du toxoplasme. Un des mĂ©canismes impliquĂ©s serait la sĂ©crĂ©tion par les CD d'exosomes. Ces vĂ©sicules dĂ©rivĂ©es des endosomes tardifs prĂ©sentent des molĂ©cules de CMH I et II Ă  leur surface et expriment Ă©galement une protĂ©ine particuliĂšre : la lactadhĂ©rine pouvant servir dans l'adressage de ces vĂ©sicules vers les CD. Ces exosomes sont donc capables de stimuler des lymphocytes T de maniĂšre spĂ©cifique. Suite Ă  l'Ă©tablissement d'une lignĂ©e de CD splĂ©niques de souris CBA/J (lignĂ©e SRDC), CD Ă  caractĂšre phĂ©notypique CD8+, nous avons pu observer que le transfert passif de SRDC ou de ses exosomes sensibilisĂ©es par des extraits antigĂ©niques toxoplasmiques (ET), Ă  des souris syngĂ©niques par voie intra veineuse ou sous-cutanĂ©e, induit une protection sensible de ces souris contre la toxoplasmose. Cette protection caractĂ©risĂ©e par une diminution de la charge parasitaire cĂ©rĂ©brale (de 60 Ă  75 %) est associĂ©e Ă  une rĂ©ponse humorale spĂ©cifique sĂ©rique (IgG de type IgG2a) et locale (IgA muqueuses) ainsi qu'Ă  une rĂ©ponse cellulaire (prolifĂ©ration cellulaire des cellules de rate et de ganglions mĂ©sentĂ©riques en prĂ©sence d'ET avec sĂ©crĂ©tion spĂ©cifique de cytokines de type Th1 (IL-2 et IFN-g) modulĂ© Th2 (IL-4 et IL-10). Dans un dernier temps, nous avons voulu valider ces rĂ©sultats en modĂšle de toxoplasmose congĂ©nitale. Les souriceaux issus de mĂšres immunisĂ©es sont eux-mĂȘmes protĂ©gĂ©s (croissance et poids quasi normaux, diminution de la charge parasitaire cĂ©rĂ©brale) alors que les souriceaux issus de mĂšres tĂ©moin sont fortement infectĂ©s et prĂ©sentent les symptĂŽmes d'une toxoplasmose congĂ©nitale. En conclusion, ces rĂ©sultats nous permettent d'envisager l'Ă©laboration d'une stratĂ©gie vaccinale anti-toxoplasmique nouvelle et rationnelle basĂ©e sur l'utilisation de CD ou d'exosomes comme adjuvants de l'immunitĂ©.TOURS-BU Sciences Pharmacie (372612104) / SudocSudocFranceF

    <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>: qualified to secrete exosomes?

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    International audienceToxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a worldwide disease that leads to encephalitis in immune-compromised individuals and to congenital toxoplasmosis of infected fetus. In order to design effective vaccine strategy a more comprehensive understanding of the biology of Toxoplasmahost interactions is crucial. T. gondii, as eukaryotic cell, contains an endomembrane network including an endoplasmic reticulum and a single Golgi stack. A Rab5 protein-like, localized to tubovesicular structures adjacent to but distinct from the Golgi, is involved in the parasite cholesterol pathway. T. gondii apicoplast expresses Rab7 late endosomal marker. Moreover, Toxoplasma rhoptries, secretory organelles essential for cell invasion, present certain features of lysosomal secretory pathway. These data suggest that, among all these parasite secretory pathways, one could be dedicated to exosomal secretion. Using TEM, we observed Toxoplasma secretory organelles and detected MVB-like structure containing 65-nm vesicles confirming this hypothesis. We purified by sucrose cushion vesicles from peritoneal fluid of Toxoplasma-infected mice, which displayed biochemical and morphological characteristics of exosomes. Immunostaining with colloidal gold indicated the presence of Toxoplasma-specific proteins and proteomic analysis revealed the presence of exosomal markers (Tsp7, Tsp18, CD82, Rab5 and Rab11) and specific Toxoplasma proteins (SAG, MIC, GRA, GPI, ubiquitin and cyclophilin). These results suggest a novel exosomebased pathway as a mechanism of protein secretion used by T. gondii
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