The effect of exercise on glucoregulatory hormones: A countermeasure to human aging: Insights from a comprehensive review of the literature

Hormones are secreted in a circadian rhythm, but also follow larger-scale timetables, such as monthly (hormones of the menstrual cycle), seasonal (i.e., winter, summer), and, ultimately, lifespan-related patterns. Several contexts modulate their secretion, such as genetics, lifestyle, environment, diet, and exercise. They play significant roles in human physiology, influencing growth of muscle, bone, and regulating metabolism. Exercise training alters hormone secretion, depending on the frequency, duration, intensity, and mode of training which has an impact on the magnitude of the secretion. However, there remains ambiguity over the effects of exercise training on certain hormones such as glucoregulatory hormones in aging adults. With advancing age, there are many alterations with the endocrine system, which may ultimately alter human physiology. Some recent studies have reported an anti-aging effect of exercise training on the endocrine system and especially cortisol, growth hormone and insulin. As such, this review examines the effects of endurance, interval, resistance and combined training on hormones (i.e., at rest and after) exercise in older individuals. We summarize the influence of age on glucoregulatory hormones, the influence of exercise training, and where possible, examine masters " athletes " endocrinological profile.Scopu

The utility of resting levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 as markers of training status in elite athletes

ix, 105 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its principle binding protein (IGFBP-3) are believed to play a role in mediating the anabolic effects of exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 4 months of training on IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and to determine if changes in IGF-I or IGFBP-3 were related to changes in training status. Twelve varsity swimmers (5 males, 7 females) were tested pre-season, and again after 8 and 16 weeks of training. Measures included: VO2 max, nutritional status, athletic performance, subjective symptoms of overtraining, and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. There was no significant change across time in VO2 max, athletic performance, IGF-I or IGFBP-3. Resting IGFBP-3 was positively correlated to symptoms of overtraining at week 0 (p=0.017), however, this relationship did not persist at week 8 or 16. These findings can not confirm that resting levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are sensitive markers of training status

Association between increased hepatic lipid storage and impaired hepatic mitochondrial function in ovariectomized mice

Reduced ovarian function is associated with development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Increased risk for MetS is strongly linked to hepatic metabolic dysfunction. However, at this time few studies have examined metabolic function of hepatic tissue under conditions of reduced ovarian function. The purpose of this study was to determine if ovariectomy (OVX) impaired hepatic mitochondrial function and its potential association with sirtuin (SIRT) function. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups (SHAM, OVX). Hepatic mitochondrial function was measured by assessing oxygen consumption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial protein content. In addition, mitochondrial acetylation status and SIRT protein content was determined. The OVX group exhibited increased ROS production compared to the SHAM group. However, no differences were detected in oxygen consumption, mitochondrial protein content, acetylation status, or total SIRT content between groups. The data shows that ovariectomy increases mitochondrial ROS production, which suggests a novel mechanism to consider

Suomalaisten mieshuippu-urheilijoiden kardiometabolinen terveys myöhemmällä iällä

Cardiometabolic health among male former elite athletes Regular physical activity is one of the cornerstones in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess whether a former career as a male elite athlete associates with various cardiometabolic disorders and whether it has any effect on leukocyte telomere length in later life. The original study population (N=4136) consists of 2424 male former elite athletes and 1712 matched controls. Of those, 599 (392 former athletes, 207 controls) participated in a clinical study in 2008. The athletes were divided into three groups based upon their previous career: endurance, mixed and power sports. The clinical study in 2008 included a physical examination, laboratory tests, and several questionnaires. Data on use of medication was obtained from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. Among the participants, the former elite athletes tend to have lower age-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes compared with the controls (odds ratio [OR] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-1.01). The male former athletes also had lower age-adjusted risk for hypertension (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49-0.98), metabolic syndrome (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40-0.81), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.88) compared to the controls. The former athletes had significantly lower age-adjusted body fat percentage compared to the controls (p=0.021) whereas no significant differences in mean age-adjusted leukocyte telomere lenght between the athlete and control groups (p = 0.845) were observed. Moreover, with aging the former athletes maintained their physically active lifestyle better than their controls. A male former elite athlete career seems to protect from type 2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at older age. It was also associated with a more favorable body composition. The volume of current leisure time physical activity was inversely associated with these cardiometabolic outcomes.Suomalaisten mieshuippu-urheilijoiden kardiometabolinen terveys myöhemmällä iällä Säännöllinen fyysinen aktiivisuus ennaltaehkäisee merkittävästi kroonisia elämäntapasairauksia. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, suojaako miesten nuoruusvuosien huippu-urheilu kardiometabolisilta sairauksilta (kuten tyypin 2 diabetekselta, kohonneelta verenpaineelta, metaboliselta oireyhtymältä, ei-alkoholiperäiseltä rasvamaksalta) ja onko sillä vaikutusta telomeeri-pituuteen myöhemmällä iällä. Terveystutkimukseen vuonna 2008 osallistui 599 henkilöä, joista 392 oli huippu-urheilijoita ja 207 verrokkeja. Urheilijat jaettiin nuoruusiän urheilu-uran perusteella kestävyys-, joukkue- ja voimaurheilijoihin. Ikääntyneillä (keski-ikä 73v) entisillä huippu-urheilijoilla oli suuntaus alhaisempaan tyypin 2 diabeteksen riskiin kuin saman ikäisillä verrokeilla. Ikääntyneillä huippu-urheilijoilla oli myös alhaisempi kohonneen verenpaineen, metabolisen oireyhtymän sekä ei-alkoholiperäisen rasvamaksan riski kuin verrokeilla. Niin ikään kehon rasvaprosentti oli huippu-urheilijoilla merkittävästi alhaisempi kuin verrokeilla. Sen sijaan telomeeri-pituudessa ei tullut esiin eroa huippu-urheilijoiden ja verrokeiden välillä. Huippu-urheilijat näyttivät myös säilyttävän fyysisesti aktiivisen elämäntavan paremmin kuin verrokit. Ura mieshuippu-urheilijana näyttää suojaavan tyypin 2 diabetekselta, kohonneelta verenpaineelta, korkealta kehon rasvaprosentilta, metaboliselta oireyhtymältä sekä ei-alkoholiperäiseltä rasvamaksalta myöhemmällä iällä. Lisäksi nykyisen fyysisen aktiviteetin määrällä näyttää olevan suojaava vaikutus edellä mainittuihin kardiometabolisiin häiriöihin

Innate Immune Cell Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent disease regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Emerging studies indicate that immune cells, including monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes, regulate metabolic homeostasis and are dysregulated in obesity. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can regulate adaptive immunity and eosinophil and alternatively-activated macrophage responses, and were recently identified in murine white adipose tissue (WAT) where they may act to limit the development of obesity. However, ILC2s have not been identified in human adipose tissue, and the mechanisms by which ILC2s regulate metabolic homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we identify ILC2s in human WAT and demonstrate that decreased ILC2 responses in WAT are a conserved characteristic of obesity in humans and mice. Interleukin (IL)-33 was found to be critical for the maintenance of ILC2s in WAT and in limiting adiposity in mice by increasing caloric expenditure. This was associated with recruitment of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)+ beige adipocytes in WAT, a process known as beiging or browning that regulates caloric expenditure. IL-33-induced beiging was dependent on ILC2s, and IL-33 treatment or transfer of IL-33-elicited ILC2s was sufficient to drive beiging independently of the adaptive immune system, eosinophils or IL-4 receptor signaling. We found that ILC2s produce methionine-enkephalin peptides that can act directly on adipocytes to upregulate Ucp1 expression in vitro and that promote beiging in vivo. Collectively, these studies indicate that in addition to responding to infection or tissue damage, ILC2s can regulate adipose function and metabolic homeostasis in part via production of enkephalin peptides that elicit beiging

Zespół metaboliczny - aktualny stan wiedzy o przyczynach i patomechanizmach

Nadwaga i otyłość stały się w XXI wieku „plagą cywilizacyjną”, mającą istotny wpływ na rozwój wielu przewlekłych chorób. W ostatnich latach wiele uwagi poświęca się udziałowi tkanki tłuszczowej jako źródła substancji aktywnych biologicznie, nazywanych adipokinami. W świetle tych badań, adipocyt okazał się bardzo aktywnym graczem w patogenezie zespołu metabolicznego (ZM). Zespół metaboliczny jest także związany z insulinoopornością (IR, insulin resistance), niezależnie od występowania otyłości. W artykule przedstawiamy poglądy na patomechanizm ZM, rozważając obydwa typy ZM: z otyłością i bez otyłości, ale z insulinoopornością. Badania przeprowadzone w ciągu ostatnich lat spowodowały powstanie nowej koncepcji etiologii ZM, która łączy otyłość i insulinoporność, znajdując wspólny mianownik, czyli stan zapalny

Eligibility criteria for Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): a position statement from a consortium of scientific societies for the use of MHT in women with medical conditions. MHT Eligibility Criteria Group

This project aims to develop eligibility criteria for menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). The tool should be similar to those already established for contraception A consortium of scientific societies coordinated by the Spanish Menopause Society met to formulate recommendations for the use of MHT by women with medical conditions based on the best available evidence. The project was developed in two phases. As a first step, we conducted 14 systematic reviews and 32 metanalyses on the safety of MHT (in nine areas: age, time of menopause onset, treatment duration, women with thrombotic risk, women with a personal history of cardiovascular disease, women with metabolic syndrome, women with gastrointestinal diseases, survivors of breast cancer or of other cancers, and women who smoke) and on the most relevant pharmacological interactions with MHT. These systematic reviews and metanalyses helped inform a structured process in which a panel of experts defined the eligibility criteria according to a specific framework, which facilitated the discussion and development process. To unify the proposal, the following eligibility criteria have been defined in accordance with the WHO international nomenclature for the different alternatives for MHT (category 1, no restriction on the use of MHT; category 2, the benefits outweigh the risks; category 3, the risks generally outweigh the benefits; category 4, MHT should not be used). Quality was classified as high, moderate, low or very low, based on several factors (including risk of bias, inaccuracy, inconsistency, lack of directionality and publication bias). When no direct evidence was identified, but plausibility, clinical experience or indirect evidence were available, "Expert opinion" was categorized. For the first time, a set of eligibility criteria, based on clinical evidence and developed according to the most rigorous methodological tools, has been defined. This will provide health professionals with a powerful decision-making tool that can be used to manage menopausal symptoms