Legal arguments for the inadmissibility of aplllying the nullity statute under public law against judicial acts

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo.RESUMEN: La presente investigación constituye una respuesta desde el ámbito del Derecho Procesal a aquella parte de la doctrina que afirma la aplicación de la nulidad de derecho público a los actos jurisdiccionales. Lo que se pretende es exponer diversas razones que permitan demostrar que el estatuto de la nulidad de derecho público es jurídicamente improcedente aplicarlo contra los actos jurisdiccionales que adolecen de defectos o vicios de naturaleza procesal.ABSTRACT: This work is a response from the field of procedural law to part of the doctrine that supports the application of the public law nullity to judicial acts. The purpose of this research is to present a variety of reasons which show that the status of the invalidity of public law is legally inadmissible against judicial acts tainted by defects or vices of a procedural nature.http://ref.scielo.org/w8n4s

Geological characteristics and origin of the Watershed W deposit, North Queensland

Tungsten is considered a strategic metal by various countries, including Australia. Between 1998 and 2016 Australia has been steadily increasing its tungsten production, but it is still far smaller than those of the main producers (e.g., China, Russia). Watershed with its current resources of 49.2 Mt averaging 0.14% WO₃ is considered one of the biggest undeveloped tungsten deposits outside of China, and if developed would boost Australia's tungsten production. The main goal of this PhD thesis is to improve our understanding of the Watershed tungsten deposit and how to explore for similar deposits in northeast Queensland. This goal was approached by documenting the geological, geochemical and structural characteristics of the Watershed deposit, as well as the timing, mineral paragenesis and fluid characteristics of the mineralizing system. The Watershed tungsten deposit lies within the Mossman Orogen, which comprises multiple deformed Silurian-Ordovician metasedimentary rocks of the Hodgkinson Formation intruded by Carboniferous-Permian granites of the Kennedy Igneous Association. The Hodgkinson Formation in the Watershed area comprises skarn-altered conglomerate, psammite and slate units, which record at least four deformation events ranging from early ductile folding and shearing events (D₁ to D₃) to the development of later brittle-ductile shear zones (D₄) associated with veining and four separate stages of retrograde metamorphism/alteration (Retrograde Stages 1 to 4). Peak metamorphic assemblages (garnet, actinolite, quartz, clinopyroxene, titanate) in the host rocks to mineralisation formed during D₁-₂. Multiple felsic dykes intrude the metasedimentary rocks at Watershed and include: (a) Carboniferous, monzonite dykes (zircon U/Pb age of 350 ± 7 Ma) emplaced during D₁₋₂; and (b) Permian granite plutons and dykes (zircon U/Pb ages of 291 ± 6 Ma, 277 ± 6 Ma and 274 ± 6 Ma), and diorite (zircon U/Pb age of 281 ± 5 Ma) emplaced during D₄. An early (syn-D₁₋₂) mineralization event involved the syn-tectonic growth of disseminated scheelite in monzonite dykes and adjacent skarn-altered conglomerate, and was associated with the emplacement of the monzonite, which appears to have enriched the Hodgkinson Formation in W-Be- B-Sc-Cu-Mo-Re. The bulk of the economic scheelite mineralization formed in syn-D₄ shear-related, quartz-oligoclase veins and associated vein haloes (with a muscovite Ar-Ar age of 276 ± 6 Ma). The veins developed preferentially in skarn-altered conglomerate and terminate abruptly when they encounter slate. Vein opening occurred synchronous with four retrograde alteration stages in skarn-altered conglomerate. The margins of the D₄ veins contain feldspar, scheelite and quartz, which represents Retrograde Stages 1 and 2. During Retrograde Stage 1 early sanidine (overgrown by plagioclase, An₁₅₋₅₅) formed with minor quartz. Retrograde Stage 2 is characterised by intergrown scheelite and plagioclase (An₃₋₄₃) overgrowing early plagioclase, phlogopite and trace apatite. Further vein opening during Retrograde Stage 3 infilled the central part of the vein with quartz, which is cross cut by muscovite, calcite and minor chlorite, tourmaline and fluorite. Fractures that formed during Retrograde Stage 4 cut textures belonging to the previous stages and contain pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite with lesser pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Scheelite can incorporate small amounts of REE, and the origin of the scheelite grains (i.e. intrusion-related vs metamorphic) has been investigated using the relative abundance of contained LREE, MREE and HREE. Using ternary REE plots, early D₁₋₂ scheelite in monzonite coincides with the compositional field for scheelite that forms during magmatic-hydrothermal processes, whereas late D₄ vein-hosted scheelite is compositionally similar to pure hydrothermal scheelite. The Eu and Mo contents of scheelite, coupled with graphite inclusions in scheelite and the presence of pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite in scheelite-bearing veins, show that D₁₋₂ scheelite precipitated from a relatively oxidized fluid, while vein-hosted D₄ scheelite record a shift to more reduced conditions as a result of fluid interaction with carbonaceous shale. Whole rock geochemistry of the various rock types within the deposit indicates that the Watershed deposit is characterized by an enrichment of W-Be-B-Sc-Cu-Mo-Re. These elements were probably introduced by hydrothermal fluids during D₄ veining. The fluid interacted with the skarn-altered conglomerate to leach REE, Y and Nb plus skarn-related elements (i.e., Ca-F-P-Fe-Sr), and add Rb, Cs and Li in vein haloes. Whole rock geochemistry of psammite units along a 2 km transect north of the deposit shows a regional footprint that is characterised by enrichment in W-Cu-Mo-Ca-Fe-Mn-Li. Fluid inclusions in D₄ vein scheelite and quartz from Retrograde Stage 2 preserve a low salinity H₂O-NaCl-CH₄ fluid (XCH₄ < 0.01). The fluid inclusions show evidence for fluid-fluid mixing between low- (close to 0 wt.% NaCl) and medium-salinity (< 8 wt.% NaCl) fluids. The P-T conditions during mineralisation were determined at ca. 300°C and 1-1.5 kbar (i.e. depths of 3.5-6 km) indicating a high geothermal gradient, linked to the emplacement of Permian granites. Those P-T conditions are similar to those recorded in lode-gold deposits in the Hodgkinson Gold Field and elsewhere. The oxygen fugacity was calculated at 0.6 to 0.8 log₁₀ values below the FMQ buffer, consistent with the reduced mineralogy and geochemical signatures. δ¹⁸OVSMOW values obtained for scheelite (+3.4 to +7.3‰), plagioclase (+7.0 to +11.8‰) and quartz (+12.6 to +15.5‰), which formed during Retrograde Stage 2, and δDVSMOW (−73.4 to −62.7‰) and δ¹⁸OVSMOW (+11.5 to +13.2‰) values for muscovite that formed during Retrograde Stage 3 are indicative of a metamorphic origin for the mineralising fluids, with a possible magmatic component. Sulphur isotope (δ³⁴SCDT) values for sulphides formed during Retrograde Stage 4 in veins are consistent with the presence of seawater sulphate (i.e. basinal brine) in the system. Metamorphic fluids probably originated from prograde devolatilization reactions during metamorphism of the Hodgkinson Formation. Our findings indicate that tungsten was sourced from Carboniferous monzonite, which enriched the metasedimentary rock units of the Hodgkinson Formation during the early stages of deformation/ metamorphism. Continued ductile deformation and associated metamorphism during D₁₋₃ caused devolatilization reactions in the host rocks and remobilisation of tungsten. Permian scheelite mineralisation during D₄ involved a metamorphic-hydrothermal fluid with minor magmatic input that deposited tungsten at 300°C and 1-1.5 kbar (<6 km depth). This tungsten was transported as NaWO₄⁻, HWO₄⁻ and WO₄²⁻ complexes along extensional shear zones. Calcium was supplied by the skarn-altered conglomerate that hosts the scheelite-bearing veins. It is proposed that the precipitation of scheelite was promoted by the interaction between the relatively acidic hydrothermal fluids and the alkaline, carbonate-rich, skarn-altered conglomerate host rock, lowering the solubility of the tungsten complexes and co-precipitating scheelite and Na-rich plagioclase during Retrograde Stage 2. Considering a continuum model for this deposit type (i.e. mineralization could form between 2-20 km depth) it is feasible to consider the potential for mineralization at depth

The Watershed tungsten deposit, NE Queensland, Australia: an example of a Permian metamorphic tungsten upgrade after a Carboniferous magmatic-hydrothermal mineralisation event

Tungsten is considered a strategic metal by various countries, including Australia. Between 1998 and 2016 Australia has been steadily increasing its tungsten production, but it is still far smaller than those of the main producers (e.g., China, Russia). Watershed with its current resources of 49.2 Mt averaging 0.14% WO3 is considered one of the biggest undeveloped tungsten deposits outside of China, and if developed would boost Australia’s tungsten production. We will be presenting the geological, geochemical and structural characteristics of the Watershed deposit, as well as the timing, mineral paragenesis and fluid characteristics of the mineralizing system; with the main goal of improving our understanding of the Watershed tungsten deposit and how to explore for similar deposits in northeast Queensland

Dendrocronología de la especie Pinus radiata de plantaciones de la granja Porcón Cajamarca

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Bosques y Gestión de Recursos ForestalesEn la presente investigación se aplicó las técnicas dendrocrológicas y densitométricas, con rayos X en Pinus radiata D. Don. para analizar y determinar la edad de los árboles y la variación de la densidad aparente interna con relación a los factores climáticos: precipitación y temperatura Se seleccionó siete (7) árboles de dicha especie de las plantaciones de la Granja Porcón. Cajamarca, de donde se extrajeron cinco muestras (tipo rodajas) a diferentes alturas, incluyendo el DAP. A continuación se hizo el análisis de la series de ancho de anillos utilizando los software COFECHA, ARST AN y RESPO lo que permitió determinar la relación entre las variables climáticas y las series anillos, con la edad de los árboles. También se tomó muestras radiales para determinar la densidad aparente máxima, mínima y media en el perfil densitométrico. Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva de 0.432, lo que demuestra que existe relación entre los anillos y la precipitación media anual, variable climática que influyó en el crecimiento de P. radiata de la Granja Porcón, En otras palabras la edad de los árboles está correlacionada al número de anillos existentes formados anualmente en cada individuo. La técnica densitométrica demostró versatilidad y eficiente para la determinación final de los límites entre anillos de crecimiento, demostrando la necesidad de su uso para potenciar el desarrollo de la dendrocronologia.Tesi

Effects of cathode and anode of the direct current on changes in palmar grip strength: assessment through a dynamometry

O objetivo deste estudo é pesquisar os efeitos polares da corrente direta sobre a força muscular, avaliada a partir do uso do dinamômetro manual. Os valores da força muscular, em quilogramas, foram comparados, antes e após o procedimento, nos 3 grupos (Ânodo, Cátodo e Controle). O projeto é um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado, desenvolvido no Laboratório de Fisioterapia da Universidade Andrés Bello (Faculdade de Cinesiologia), e do qual participaram 150 voluntários saudáveis. A intervenção consistiu na aplicação de uma sessão de corrente contínua a 2mA por 12 minutos, com um eletrodo de 48cm2 (dose de 24mA×min e densidade de corrente 0.04mA/cm2). A diferença entre os grupos estava no estímulo com o cátodo ou ânodo, e a aplicação da corrente foi realizada após a avaliação dinamométrica inicial. A principal variável medida foi a diferença de força máxima de aperto palmar (Kg), obtido a partir da diferença do melhor valor da força máxima de pré-intervenção e do melhor valor da força máxima pós-intervenção. Os resultados apontaram que não houve alterações estatisticamente significativas nos grupos de intervenção (p valor=0,88) ao se comparar as diferenças máximas de resistência (FMdif). No entanto, observou-se uma ligeira melhora na força ao se comparar os grupos apenas considerando os homens do grupo do cátodo (p valor=0,94 e uma pequena diminuição ao se comparar apenas as mulheres do grupo do ânodo (p valor=0,91). Concluiu-se que, aparentemente, a corrente direta não geraria maiores mudanças na força do aperto manual após uma sessão de intervenção no antebraço. No entanto, existem variações positivas de força em homens do grupo do cátodo e negativas em mulheres do grupo do ânodo, quando analisadas de forma independente, embora não sejam estatisticamente significativas.This study objective is to investigate the polar effects of the direct current on muscular strength, evaluated by the manual dynamometer. The values of muscle strength, in kilograms, were compared before and after the procedure in the 3 groups (Anode, Cathode and Control). The project is a controlled randomized clinical trial, which was performed at the Laboratory of Physiotherapy of the University Andrés Bello (Physioterpy Carrer) with 150 healthy voluntary participants. The intervention consisted on the application of a direct current session with intensity of 2mA for 12 minutes, with an electrode of 48cm2 (dose of 24mA×min and current density of 0.04mA/cm2). The difference between the groups was in the stimulus with the cathode or the anode, and the application of the current was performed after the initial dynamometric evaluation. The main measured variable was the difference of maximum force of palmar grip (Kg), which was obtained through the difference between the best value of maximum pre-intervention force and the best value of maximum post-intervention force. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant changes in the intervention groups (p value=0.88) when comparing the maximum strength differences (FMdif). However, a slight improvement in strength was observed when comparing the groups only considering men from the cathode group (p value=0.94), and a slight decrease when comparing only women from the anode group (p value=0.91). It was concluded that, apparently, the direct current would not generate greater changes in the force of manual grasp after an intervention session on the forearm. Nevertheless, there are positive variations of strength in men from the cathode group, and negative ones in women from the anode group when analyzed independently, although these modifications are not statistically significant.El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar los efectos polares de la corriente directa sobre la fuerza muscular, evaluada con dinamómetro manual. Los valores de la fuerza muscular en kilogramos fueron comparados antes y después del procedimiento en 3 grupos (Anodo, Catodo y Control). El diseño es Ensayo Clínico Aleatorio controlado. La investigación se realizó el Laboratorio de Fisioterapia de la Universidad Andrés Bello (Escuela de Kinesiología Santiago). El estudio se llevó a cabo con ciento cincuenta participantes voluntarios sanos. La intervención consistió en la aplicación de una sesión de corriente directa a una intensidad de 2mA por 12 minutos con un electrodo de 48cm2 (dosis 24mA.min y densidad de corriente 0,04mA/cm2). La diferencia entre los grupos radicaba en la estimulación con el cátodo o ánodo. La aplicación de la corriente se realizaba luego de la evaluación dinamométrica inicial. Cómo outcome principal se estimó la diferencia de Fuerza Máxima de prensión palmar (Kg). Esta se obtuvo de la diferencia del mejor valor de fuerza máxima pre intervención con el mejor valor de fuerza máxima post intervención. Los resultados indican que no existen cambios estadísticamente significativos en los grupos intervenidos (p valor = 0,88) al comparar las diferencias de fuerzas máximas (FMdif). Sin embargo, se aprecia una mínima mejora de la fuerza al comparar los grupos sólo considerando hombres del grupo cátodo (p valor = 0,94, y leve disminución al comparar sólo para mujeres del grupo ánodo (p valor = 0,91).Cómo conclusión se destaca que aparentemente la corriente directa no generaría mayores cambios en la fuerza de prensión manual luego de una sesión de intervención sobre el antebrazo. Sin embargo, existen variaciones positivas de fuerza en hombres del grupo cátodo y negativas mujeres del grupo ánodo al analizarlos independientemente, aunque estas modificaciones no resultan estadísticamente significativas

Efecto de los neuroesteroides en la fisiología del espermatozoide humano

Las hormonas esteroideas controlan funciones muy importantes en los organismos tales como el desarrollo, el metabolismo, la inflamación, la homeostasis iónica y la reproducción. La modulación de los canales iónicos por las hormonas esteroideas se ha reportado en corazón, neuronas, músculo liso y células beta del pancreas. Progesterona activa de manera directa el canal de calcio CatSper, presente unicamente en el espermatozoide. Este canal es muy importante para la función espermática, entre las que podemos destacar la movilidad hiperactivada, la quimiotaxis, la capacitación y la reacción acrosomal. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado la especificidad de diferentes esteroides endógenos en la fisiología del espermatozoide humano.Fil: Mata Martinez, E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Justribó, G.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Arias, G.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Poblete, S.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Jaime Ventura, M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: De Blas, G.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Fuzzy Logic in Genetic Regulatory Network Models

Interactions between genes and the proteins they synthesize shape genetic regulatory networks (GRN). Several models have been proposed to describe these interactions, been the most commonly used those based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Some approximations using piecewise linear differential equations (PLDEs), have been proposed to simplify the model non linearities. However they not allways give good results. In this context, it has been developed a model capable of representing small GRN, combining characteristics from the ODE’s models and fuzzy inference systems (FIS). The FIS is trained through an artificial neural network, which forms an Adaptive Nertwork-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). This network allows to adapt the membership and output functions from the FIS according to the training data, thus, reducing the previous knowledge needed to model the specific phenomenon. In addition, Fuzzy Logic allows to express their rules through linguistic labels, which also allows to incorporate expert knowledge in a friendly way. The proposed model has been used to describe the Lac Operon in E. Coli and it has been compared with the models already mentioned. The outcome errors due to the training process of the ANFIS network are comparable with those of the models based on ODEs. Additionally, the fuzzy logic approach provides modeling flexibility and knowledge acquisition advantages

Cross-national dataset from Chile, Spain, Venezuela and Colombia to analyze the meanings students attribute to the pedagogical authority of teachers

The data displayed here were collected through a Likert scale that measures the meanings attributed to the pedagog- ical authority. The final sample comprised 913 teacher train- ing university students from four Ibero-American countries (Chile, Spain, Colombia, and Venezuela). The value of the data relies, among others, on the possibility to analyse sim- ilarities and differences of those meanings among countries. This database allows for an increase of the sample, whether by applying the instrument to the same countries or to dif- ferent ones. The main contributions of the article “Scale of Pedagogical Authority Meanings in the Classroom (ESAPA) for Ibero-America built on the opinions of teaching students”[1] belong to the psychometrics and education fields

Patterns of healthy lifestyle behaviours in older adults: findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate healthy lifestyle behaviours across age categories in the older population in Chile. Data from 1390 older adults (≥60 years), in the 2009–2010 Chilean National Health Survey were analyzed. We derived the following age categories: 60–65, 66–70, 71–75, 76–80 and &gt;80 years. The association between age and compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, sleep duration and intake of salt, alcohol, fruit and vegetables) were investigated using logistic regression. The probability of meeting the guidelines for alcohol intake (OR trend: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.11; 1.64], p = 0.001) and smoking (OR trend: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.13; 1.33], p &lt; 0.0001) increased with age, whereas spending &lt;4 h per day sitting time or engaging in at least 150 min of physical activity per week or sleep on average between 7 and 9 h per day were less likely to be met with increasing age (OR trend: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71; 0.83], p &lt; 0.000; OR trend: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.67; 0.79], p &lt; 0.0001, and OR trend: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.82; 0.96], p = 0.002, respectively). No significant trend across age categories was observed for fruit and vegetables, and salt intake. The probability of meeting at least 3 out of 7 healthy lifestyle behaviours across the age categories was also lower in older age categories compared to those aged 60 to 65 years. Overall, in older adults the probability of having the healthy lifestyle behaviours of physical activity, sitting time and sleeping behaviours was low but not for smoking or alcohol consumption. With an increasingly ageing population, these findings could inform stakeholders on which lifestyle behaviours could be targeted in the older adults and therefore which interventions should take place to promote healthy ageing

Obesidad, autoestima y condición física en escolares

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es un problema grave de salud pública, ya que genera resultados adversos para la salud física y mental.Objetivo. Relacionar el estado nutricional con los niveles de autoestima y rendimiento físico en escolares de 8 a 10 años de edad.Materiales y métodos. Participaron 236 escolares: 117 hombres y 119 mujeres, de entre 8 y 10 años de edad, pertenecientes a dos colegios del municipio de Temuco con carácter estatal-municipal. Se evaluó peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de masa/grasa, contorno cintura, condición física, horas de ejercicio físico a la semana y autoestima.Resultados. El 43.6% de los escolares presentó malnutrición por exceso. Los categorizados como obesos (19%) presentaron niveles superiores en masa grasa y contorno cintura (p0.001), además obtuvieron un rendimiento físico menor (p0.05). Las horas realizadas de ejercicio físico a la semana y el nivel de autoestima fueron menores en lo escolares obesos, pero estos no alcanzaron significancia (p≥ 0.05).Conclusiones. La obesidad en edad escolar pone de manifiesto alteraciones asociadas con el rendimiento físico, la masa grasa y las tendencias negativas sobre la autoestima. A pesar de ser una etapa temprana, se pueden apreciar las consecuencias asociadas a esta condición.Introduction: Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue, since it generates adverse results for physical and mental health.Objective: To correlate nutritional status and levels of self-esteem and physical performance in schoolchildren aged between 8 and 10.Materials and methods: 236 students participated, 117 male and 119 female, aged between 8 and 10, from two public schools in the municipality of Temuco. Weight, height, body mass index, mass/fat percentage, waist contour, physical condition, hours of physical exercise per week and self-esteem were evaluated.Results: Overnutrition was documented in 43.6% of the students; children classified as obese (19%) presented higher levels of fat mass and waist contour (p0.001), and also had a lower physical performance (p0.05). The hours of physical exercise per week and the level of self-esteem were lower in obese school children, although this figure was not significant (p≥0.05).Conclusions: Obesity in school-aged children reveals alterations associated with physical performance, fat mass and negative trends on self-esteem. Despite developing at an early stage, the consequences associated with this condition can already be seen