89 research outputs found

    Comportement hydrogéochimique des stériles d'une halde expérimentale visant à limiter la production de DNC par contrÎle des écoulements

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    Une halde expĂ©rimentale inclinĂ©e Ă  5%, a Ă©tĂ© construite Ă  la mine Lac Tio (prĂšs de Havre-Saint-Pierre, au QuĂ©bec, Canada) pour Ă©valuer une nouvelle approche de stockage de stĂ©riles miniers visant Ă  contrĂŽler les infiltrations d'eau et minimiser la contamination dans les haldes Ă  stĂ©riles. Cette nouvelle mĂ©thode est basĂ©e sur une couche de contrĂŽle d'Ă©coulement (CCE) placĂ©e au-dessus de la halde expĂ©rimentale Ă  stĂ©riles et contribuant Ă  dĂ©vier l'eau vers l'extrĂ©mitĂ© de cette halde constituĂ©e de stĂ©riles non rĂ©actifs. Des essais au laboratoire (colonnes et systĂšme expĂ©rimental 2D) ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s en parallĂšle afin de rĂ©pondre Ă  toutes les prĂ©occupations liĂ©es Ă  la limitation de l’essai de terrain (halde expĂ©rimentale). Aussi, une Ă©valuation Ă  plus petite Ă©chelle (colonnes de laboratoire) a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e afin de mieux cerner les phĂ©nomĂšnes hydrogĂ©ochimiques qui peuvent avoir lieu Ă  l'Ă©chelle de terrain. En effet, des essais en colonnes ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s afin de comprendre le comportement hydrogĂ©ochimique des diffĂ©rents types de stĂ©riles de la mine Lac Tio (Ă  prĂ©dominance anorthosite ou hĂ©moilmĂ©nite) sĂ©parĂ©ment et juxtaposĂ©s. Des essais d'infiltration en laboratoire ont aussi Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans un modĂšle physique (systĂšme expĂ©rimental 2D) afin de comprendre les facteurs qui influencent la performance de la CCE. De ce fait, la structure interne du modĂšle physique a Ă©tĂ© conçue de façon similaire Ă  celle de la halde expĂ©rimentale. Les rĂ©sultats des essais en colonnes ont montrĂ© une variation des taux de libĂ©ration de nickel et de sulfate d'un Ă  deux ordres de grandeur selon le type de stĂ©riles et leur configuration (purs ou mĂ©langĂ©s entre eux). La qualitĂ© de l'eau de drainage a Ă©tĂ© affectĂ©e par les changements de volume d'eau de rinçage, par la prĂ©cipitation/dissolution de minĂ©raux secondaires et par la sorption de Ni dans les stĂ©riles anorthositiques. Ces rĂ©sultats ont aussi dĂ©montrĂ© que le stockage de stĂ©riles d'hĂ©mo-ilmĂ©nite sur ceux d'anorthosite est un moyen efficace de rĂ©duire les niveaux de Ni dans les eaux de drainage des matĂ©riaux de la mine Lac Tio. Les rĂ©sultats du modĂšle physique ont montrĂ© que la dĂ©viation de l'eau le long de la pente de la boĂźte d'infiltration est rĂ©git en grande partie par l'angle d'inclinaison de la boĂźte et le taux de pluie appliquĂ©. Ces rĂ©sultats ont aussi montrĂ© que la distribution de l'infiltration au sein du systĂšme dĂ©pend de l'intensitĂ© des prĂ©cipitations. Les rĂ©sultats des essais d'infiltration ont aussi indiquĂ© que les charges de nickel et de sulfate sont influencĂ©es par les taux de prĂ©cipitations appliquĂ©s et que la qualitĂ© de l'eau de drainage est amĂ©liorĂ©e par une meilleure dĂ©viation de l'eau par la CCE. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que les charges de nickel et de sulfate sont principalement contrĂŽlĂ©es par les effets de barriĂšre capillaire, les chemins d'Ă©coulement et le dĂ©bit. Les rĂ©sulats de la halde expĂ©rimentale ont montrĂ© que la CCE constituĂ©e de matĂ©riaux non rĂ©actifs compactĂ©s Ă  grains fins, a conduit Ă  une diminution l’infiltration de l’eau dans les matĂ©riaux rĂ©actifs et Ă  une dĂ©viation de l'eau vers le pied de la halde (constituĂ© de de stĂ©riles non rĂ©actifs). Les taux de libĂ©ration en nickel ont Ă©tĂ© du mĂȘme ordre de grandeur avant et aprĂšs la mise en place de la CCE sur la halde expĂ©rimentale. Les taux de libĂ©ration en sulfate avant la mise en place de la CCE ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement proches de ceux obtenus aprĂšs l'installation de la CCE. La faible diffĂ©rence de taux de libĂ©ration en nickel obtenue avant et aprĂšs l'installation de la CCE pourrait s'expliquer partiellement par la libĂ©ration de Ni dans les eaux de drainage en raison d'une diminution de la capacitĂ© de sorption de Ni des stĂ©riles au cours du temps. En consĂ©quence, l'efficacitĂ© de la CCE a Ă©tĂ© affectĂ©e. Cela pourrait Ă©galement s'expliquer par la faible infiltration d'eau dans les stĂ©riles rĂ©actifs entraĂźnant une libĂ©ration lente et progressive de produits d'oxydation tels que le nickel et les sulfates comparativement Ă  avant l'installation de la CCE. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la rĂ©activitĂ© des stĂ©riles reste similaire avant et aprĂšs la mise en place de la CCE mais que leur capacitĂ© de sorption du nickel diminue avec le temps. Cependant, la qualitĂ© des eaux de drainage pourrait ĂȘtre considĂ©rablement amĂ©liorĂ©e par l'inclusion de plusieurs CCE dans une grande halde Ă  stĂ©riles

    La gestion des carriĂšres administratives dans la fonction publique congolaise

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    Ce travail est le fruit de la rĂ©alitĂ© administrative que certains administrĂ©s et gestionnaires des carriĂšres administratives de la fonction publique vivent quotidiennement dans l'administration congolaise. La question des carriĂšres administratives des agents de l'État revĂȘt de nos jours une importance capitale pour la plupart des administrations africaines qui sont Ă  la recherche de l'efficacitĂ© de l'efficience et mĂȘme de l'Ă©quilibre organisationnel. En Ă©tudiant la gestion des carriĂšres administratives dans la fonction publique congolaise, nous ne prĂ©tendons pas rĂ©pondre Ă  toutes les questions relatives, moins encore d'Ă©tablir les liens de cause Ă  effet de ce problĂšme, mais plutĂŽt de faire un diagnostic de la direction gĂ©nĂ©rale de la fonction publique en ce qui concerne certaines fonctions attachĂ©es Ă  la gestion des carriĂšres administratives des fonctionnaires

    Truncus arteriosus communis: report of three cases and review of literature

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    Background: Truncus arteriosus communis (TAC) is a congenital heart defect in which the physiologic arterial common trunk was not divided into aorta and pulmonary artery trunk.Objectives: In this paper, we report on three observed cases from which we looked for (in conjunction with literature review) the different causes of TAC many of which have genetic origins.Methods: We collected three clinical files of fetuses having a TAC. Two of them were examinated after a medical termination of pregnancy motivated by severe cardiopathy. The malformation had been diagnosed based on different techniques: echocardiography, skeletal radiography, arteriography, fetal autopsy, karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Results: Imaging and fetopathological examination revealed the presence of TAC type 3 and 4 in the Van Praaghs classification. FISH analysis showed a 22q11.2 deletion in one fetus in favour of Digeorge syndrome. The karyotype analysis performed in two cases was normal.Conclusion: Truncus arteriosus is a rare pathology caused by numerous etiologies from which many of them have genetic origin. This malformation can be diagnosed early during prenatal period. Postmortem fetopathological examination allows a better diagnosis approach and eventually a genetic counseling in recurrent cases such as case of consanguinity.Keywords: Truncus arteriosus, conotruncal heart malformation, congenital heart defect, genetic etiologies

    Spermocytogram: Comparison Between the Papanicolaou Staining and Modified May Grünwald Giemsa Staining

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    Introduction: The research and distribution of sperm abnormalities by the spermocytogram are an essential examination in the diagnosis of male infertility. The standard Papanicolaou staining method, recommended by the World Health Organization, for performing a spermocytogram, is too expensive in Congo. The work aimed to look for abnormalities in sperm forms by two comparative methods: Papanicolaou staining and modified May Grünwald Giemsa staining (less expensive), set up in our laboratories.Materials and methods: A series of one hundred spermocytograms were performed by two staining methods: the Papanicolaou method and the modified May Grünwald Giemsa method. The results of two techniques were compared qualitatively and quantitatively.Results: The mean detection of sperm form abnormalities was higher by the Papanicolaou method. However, the precision of the kind of abnormalities highlighted by the two techniques was superimposable.Conclusion: Despite the superiority of the Papanicolaou staining method, which is a reference technique of the spermocytogram, the modified May Grünwald Giemsa staining method can be a first-line technique in the male diagnosis of infertility, especially in the deep Congo. It is efficient, reliable, inexpensive and easily achievable

    Evaluation of mechanical properties and durability performance of HDPE-wood composites

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    The objective of this work is to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability performance of bio-composite materials made from sawdust and thermoplastic polymer (HDPE). For the preparation of the composites, sawdust in different proportions with Maleic Anhydride grafted Polyethylene (MAPE) as the coupling agent was used. The thermal and mechanical properties were successively characterized. The results indicate that adding wood fillers to a polymer matrix increases the degree of crystallinity and improves the tensile strength and ductility of composites. On the contrary, resistance to water absorption decreases as a function of the wood fillers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze morphological structure alteration when exposed to intense weathering. The biodegradability of bio-composites up to 97 days was also investigated; the results indicate that, by increasing the filler content, the amount of weight loss increased as well. In other words, even though the addition of sawdust to thermoplastic polymer improves the mechanical performance of a composite material, it also accelerates the biodegradation rate of the composite. An optimum amount of filler content might compromise the effect of biodegradation and mechanical properties of composite materials

    First-principles studies of SnS2, MoS2 and WS2 stacked van der Waals hetero-multilayers

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    We present the energetics, structural and electronic properties of SnS2 monolayer stacked with MoS2 and WS2 monolayers making the van der Waals hetero-layers using the first-principles methods. The exchange-correlation functionals used are the LDA, GGA functionals as well as the newly developed variants of non local van der Waals (vdW) exchange-correlation functionals, namely vdW-DF-revPBE and vdW-DF2-C09. We also considered the combinations of hetero-layers that involve all the three SnS2, MoS2 and WS2 stacked together. All the investigated hetero-layers have a short decay (offset) of the equilibrium lattice parameters compared to the SnS2 single layer one. Except for the GGA-PBE functional, all the functionals predict the interlayer distances closer to the previous theoretical and experimental studies. The hetero-layers that have relative low binding energies are indirect band gap semiconductors, while those with dramatically high binding energies are weakly or strongly metallic. This study gave another avenue of altering the energetics and electronic properties of SnS2 monolayer through vertical stacking with MoS2 and WS2. The variation in band gap enables these newly predicted hetero-layers to be suitable candidates for designing novel devices for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic technology, which includes energy storage, photodetectors, thermophotovoltaic.REM acknowledges University of Pretoria for financial support.http://ees.elsevier.com/cocom/default.asp2019-09-01hj2018Physic

    Diabetes and COVID-19 in Congolese patients

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    Background: The global pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is reported to be potentially severe in patients with morbid conditions. One common reported comorbidities is diabetes. We aimed in this study to precise the clinical characteristics and outcomes in a series of congolese diabetic patients affected by COVID-19 infection. Patients and methods: We retrospectely studied from 256 COVID-19 patients, a cohort of 30 persons with previously known diabetes. The glycaemia controls have been obtained by plasma glucose assay. All patients have been tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR method. Results: The COVID-19 diabetic patients represented 11,7% of all COVID-19 patients with confidence interval of 95% [7,77-15,65]. Older individuals and male sex were predominent. Dyspnea and sauration of oxygen < 90 were significatives and added risk factors were noted in 63.3% of patients, particulary hyperglycaemia with hypertension or obesity. The mortality rate at the percentage of 36.7% was more prevalent in patients with added comorbidities (30%) versus without comorbidities (6.7%). Conclusion: Congolese COVID-19 diabetic patients of male sex and older age exhibiting arterial hypertension and obesity are the most exposed to severe COVID-19 and increasead mortality rate

    A black‐box automated approach to calibrate numerical simulations and optimize cover design: Application to a flow control layer constructed on an experimental waste rock pile

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    Mining operations often produce large volumes of waste rock to access economically valuable mineralized zones. Waste rock is usually stored in surface piles, the construction and reclamation of which represent a challenge for the industry. A flow control layer (FCL) made of crushed waste rock or sand and constructed on top of each waste rock bench could contribute to control water infiltration, thus improving waste rock pile stability and limiting contamination. An experimental waste rock pile was built and instrumented at the Tio mine (Rio Tinto Fer et Titane, Canada) to evaluate the performance of an FCL in field conditions. Large infiltration tests and rainfall monitoring were carried out, and measured outflow and water contents were used to calibrate numerical simulations. However, data were noisy and sometimes incomplete, and the models were difficult to calibrate. A new automated calibration approach was therefore proposed. An algorithm was developed to automate the numerical simulation calibration, using a black-box method that involves solving an optimization problem on a function without an analytic form. The approach was applied on measurements obtained from large-scale infiltration tests and validated using 2 yr of field monitoring data. Finally, the automated approach was adapted to optimize the design of the FCL, and an optimal design (material properties and layer thickness) was recommended based on local climate conditions. The proposed automated method could contribute to reduce the bias induced by manual calibration and allows for rapid multivariable calibration and optimization for a broad spectrum of mine waste cover system applications

    Chemical modification of antioxidants to make them lipophilic : application to tannins

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    Dans le but d’utiliser des antioxydants naturels dans des corps gras, nous avons voulu rendre lipophiles des tanins en leur greffant des chaĂźnes carbonĂ©es au moyen de modifications chimiques simples et douces. Nous avons eu recours, dans un premier temps, Ă  des substrats modĂšles de tanins (phĂ©nol, catĂ©chol, acide gallique et catĂ©chine en particulier), utilisĂ©s dans des essais d’alkylation, d’acylation, d’estĂ©rification par un acide gras ou par un alcool gras, ou encore, en ce qui concerne la catĂ©chine, de greffage d’une chaĂźne carbonĂ©e de longueur variable par une rĂ©action de couplage oxa-Pictet-Spengler entre les cycles C et B. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, l’application des mĂȘmes synthĂšses aux tanins de chĂątaignier (Castanea sativa), de chĂȘne (Quercus pedunculata), de quĂ©bracho (Schinopsis balansae) et de pĂ©pins de raisin (Vitis vinifera) a Ă©tĂ© concluante, plus particuliĂšrement pour le couplage oxa-Pictet-Spengler. Tous les dĂ©rivĂ©s de molĂ©cules modĂšles ou de tanins bruts ont acquis un caractĂšre lipophile tel qu’avĂ©rĂ© par la mesure du coefficient de partage entre l’eau et l’octanol. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s antioxydantes des molĂ©cules modĂšles et des tanins bruts et modifiĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es par deux mĂ©thodes : inhibition de l'oxydation induite du linolĂ©ate de mĂ©thyle et rĂ©activitĂ© avec le radical libre 2,2-diphĂ©nyl-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH). Les propriĂ©tĂ©s antioxydantes sont bien conservĂ©es aprĂšs modification.In the order to use natural antioxidants in lipidic substances, we wanted to make lipophilic of tannins by grafting on them carbonaceous chains through mild and simple chemical modifications. First, we used model substrates of tannins (phenol, catechol, gallic acid and mostly catechin) in experiments of alkylation, acylation, esterification by a fatty acid or a fatty alcohol, or, with regard to catechin, grafting of a carbonaceous chain variable length by a coupling reaction of the oxa-Pictet-Spengler type between the cycles C and B. Then, an application of the same synthesis to tannins of chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus pedunculata), quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) and grape seed (Vitis vinifera) was a success, especially for the coupling oxa-Pictet-Spengler. All derivatives of model molecules or rough tannins acquired a lipophilic character as proven by the measurement of the coefficient of partition between water and the octanol. The antioxidant properties of model molecules, rough and modified tannins were measured by two methods: inhibition of the induced oxidation of the methyl linoleate and reactivity with the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH). The antioxidant properties are well preserved after modification
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